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    Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms: Second Edition Andrew S. Tanenbaum Maarten Van Steen

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    The document discusses different types of distributed systems including their definitions, properties, challenges, and examples. It covers distributed system fundamentals like transparency, scalability techniques, and common pitfalls when developing these systems. Various distributed system paradigms are examined such as cluster computing, grid computing, transaction processing, enterprise application integration, pervasive systems, and sensor networks.

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    Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms: Second Edition Andrew S. Tanenbaum Maarten Van Steen

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    Dejene Mekonnen
    222 views22 pages
    The document discusses different types of distributed systems including their definitions, properties, challenges, and examples. It covers distributed system fundamentals like transparency, scalability techniques, and common pitfalls when developing these systems. Various distributed system paradigms are examined such as cluster computing, grid computing, transaction processing, enterprise application integration, pervasive systems, and sensor networks.

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    The document discusses different types of distributed systems including their definitions, properties, challenges, and examples. It covers distributed system fundamentals like transparency, scalability techniques, and common pitfalls when developing these systems. Various distributed system paradigms are examined such as cluster computing, grid computing, transaction processing, enterprise application integration, pervasive systems, and sensor networks.

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    222 views22 pages

    Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms: Second Edition Andrew S. Tanenbaum Maarten Van Steen

    Uploaded by

    Dejene Mekonnen
    The document discusses different types of distributed systems including their definitions, properties, challenges, and examples. It covers distributed system fundamentals like transparency, scalability techniques, and common pitfalls when developing these systems. Various distributed system paradigms are examined such as cluster computing, grid computing, transaction processing, enterprise application integration, pervasive systems, and sensor networks.

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    of 22

    DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

    Principles and Paradigms

    Second Edition
    ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
    MAARTEN VAN STEEN

    Chapter 1
    Introduction
    Definition of a Distributed System (1)

    A distributed system is:


    A collection of independent
    computers that appears to its users
    as a single coherent system.
    Definition of a Distributed System (2)

    Figure 1-1. A distributed system organized as middleware. The


    middleware layer extends over multiple machines, and offers each
    application the same interface.
    Transparency in a Distributed System

    Figure 1-2. Different forms of transparency in a


    distributed system (ISO, 1995).
    Scalability Problems

    Figure 1-3. Examples of scalability limitations.


    Scalability Problems
    Characteristics of decentralized algorithms:
    No machine has complete information about the
    system state.
    Machines make decisions based only on local
    information.
    Failure of one machine does not ruin the algorithm.
    There is no implicit assumption that a global clock
    exists.
    Scaling Techniques (1)

    Figure 1-4. The difference between letting (a) a server


    or (b) a client check forms as they are being filled.
    Scaling Techniques (2)

    Figure 1-5. An example of dividing the DNS


    name space into zones.
    Pitfalls when Developing
    Distributed Systems
    False assumptions made by first time developer:
    The network is reliable.
    The network is secure.
    The network is homogeneous.
    The topology does not change.
    Latency is zero.
    Bandwidth is infinite.
    Transport cost is zero.
    There is one administrator.
    Cluster Computing Systems

    Figure 1-6. An example of a cluster computing system.


    Grid Computing Systems

    Figure 1-7. A layered architecture for grid computing systems.


    Transaction Processing Systems (1)

    Figure 1-8. Example primitives for transactions.


    Transaction Processing Systems (2)

    Characteristic properties of transactions:


    Atomic: To the outside world, the transaction
    happens indivisibly.
    Consistent: The transaction does not violate
    system invariants.
    Isolated: Concurrent transactions do not
    interfere with each other.
    Durable: Once a transaction commits, the
    changes are permanent.
    Transaction Processing Systems (3)

    Figure 1-9. A nested transaction.


    Transaction Processing Systems (4)

    Figure 1-10. The role of a TP monitor in distributed systems.


    Enterprise Application Integration

    Figure 1-11. Middleware as a communication facilitator in


    enterprise application integration.
    Distributed Pervasive Systems
    Requirements for pervasive systems

    Embrace contextual changes.


    Encourage ad hoc composition.
    Recognize sharing as the default.
    Electronic Health Care Systems (1)
    Questions to be addressed for health care systems:
    Where and how should monitored data be stored?
    How can we prevent loss of crucial data?
    What infrastructure is needed to generate and
    propagate alerts?
    How can physicians provide online feedback?
    How can extreme robustness of the monitoring
    system be realized?
    What are the security issues and how can the
    proper policies be enforced?
    Electronic Health Care Systems (2)

    Figure 1-12. Monitoring a person in a pervasive electronic health


    care system, using (a) a local hub or
    (b) a continuous wireless connection.
    Sensor Networks (1)

    Questions concerning sensor networks:


    How do we (dynamically) set up an efficient
    tree in a sensor network?
    How does aggregation of results take place?
    Can it be controlled?
    What happens when network links fail?
    Sensor Networks (2)

    Figure 1-13. Organizing a sensor network database, while storing


    and processing data (a) only at the operators site or
    Sensor Networks (3)

    Figure 1-13. Organizing a sensor network database, while storing


    and processing data or (b) only at the sensors.

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