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    Urbanization and City Patterns: Chapter 10 and 11 (Note: This Covers 2 Chapters.) (I Am Testing Both Chapters.)

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    Deepa Anoop
    Urbanization and city patterns can be summarized as follows: 1. Urbanization refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas, driven by factors like jobs, services, and convenience. Primate cities are large cities that dominate their country economically, politically, and culturally. 2. Cities have grown dramatically over time, from 3% urban in 1800 to over 50% today. While urbanization is largely complete in more developed countries, less developed countries still see significant rural to urban migration. 3. Theories of urban structure include concentric zone models, sector models, multiple nuclei models, and peripheral models with ring roads connecting inner and outer suburbs. Within-city patterns include gentrification, segregation

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    Urbanization and City Patterns: Chapter 10 and 11 (Note: This Covers 2 Chapters.) (I Am Testing Both Chapters.)

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    Deepa Anoop
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    Urbanization and city patterns can be summarized as follows: 1. Urbanization refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas, driven by factors like jobs, services, and convenience. Primate cities are large cities that dominate their country economically, politically, and culturally. 2. Cities have grown dramatically over time, from 3% urban in 1800 to over 50% today. While urbanization is largely complete in more developed countries, less developed countries still see significant rural to urban migration. 3. Theories of urban structure include concentric zone models, sector models, multiple nuclei models, and peripheral models with ring roads connecting inner and outer suburbs. Within-city patterns include gentrification, segregation

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    UP- CITIES Ordan Fundamentals Ch10 11 v3

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    Urbanization and city patterns can be summarized as follows: 1. Urbanization refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas, driven by factors like jobs, services, and convenience. Primate cities are large cities that dominate their country economically, politically, and culturally. 2. Cities have grown dramatically over time, from 3% urban in 1800 to over 50% today. While urbanization is largely complete in more developed countries, less developed countries still see significant rural to urban migration. 3. Theories of urban structure include concentric zone models, sector models, multiple nuclei models, and peripheral models with ring roads connecting inner and outer suburbs. Within-city patterns include gentrification, segregation

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    40 views35 pages

    Urbanization and City Patterns: Chapter 10 and 11 (Note: This Covers 2 Chapters.) (I Am Testing Both Chapters.)

    Uploaded by

    Deepa Anoop
    Urbanization and city patterns can be summarized as follows: 1. Urbanization refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas, driven by factors like jobs, services, and convenience. Primate cities are large cities that dominate their country economically, politically, and culturally. 2. Cities have grown dramatically over time, from 3% urban in 1800 to over 50% today. While urbanization is largely complete in more developed countries, less developed countries still see significant rural to urban migration. 3. Theories of urban structure include concentric zone models, sector models, multiple nuclei models, and peripheral models with ring roads connecting inner and outer suburbs. Within-city patterns include gentrification, segregation

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    of 35

    Urbanization and City Patterns

    Chapter 10 and 11
    (Note: This covers 2 chapters.)
    (I am testing both chapters.)
    Urban Center Definitions
    Urbanization: (increase in) the number and percentage of
    people living un urban settlements. (Urbanized Population)
    Driving factors:
    Jobs
    Services
    Convenience/Proximity (distance and access to services)
    Primate City: a large city, dominating the country
    Usually more than twice the next largest city
    Often, dominant economic, political and cultural center
    Jobs, services, convenience migration
    These are often megacities, and may dominate regions.
    Where have urban areas grown?
    3% urban in 1800,
    now 50%+ and growing

    Change in extent, density, heterogeneity


    MDCs:
    Ag. Mfg. Services,
    Urbanization is effectively completed.
    London, Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles
    LDCs:
    Migration from country in search of jobs,
    Local population growth often outstrips job availability.
    Delhi, Jakarta, Mexico City, Mumbai (Bombay).
    Historical growth: the rise of cities
    Models:
    Technical (ex: Thebes-Nile River, Mesopotamia)
    Irrigation: make canals, surplus crops drive pop. growth
    Religious (ex: Aztecs)
    Religious activities bring people together.
    Political (ex: London)
    Trade (Silk Road cities)
    War (every city with a fort, shield wall or barrier:
    Paris,)
    Multiple factors:
    Technology, religion, politics, war, agriculture, and trade
    City Hearths:
    Mesoamerica:
    Aztec, Toltec Empires
    Andes
    Incan Empire
    Nile Valley
    Pharohic Dynasties
    Tigris-Euphrates Rivers:
    Mesopotamia
    Huang Ho River Valley:
    Han Chinese, many successive dynastic cycles
    Indus Valley
    Cities and Religion
    Many rulers used religion to maintain power.
    Belief systems shaped cities and architecture.
    Cosmomagical (Cosmological) Cities:
    Sacred symbolic center, aka Axis Mundi
    Near seat of power and granary
    Forbidden City in present Beijing
    Imperial Palaces in Kyoto, Nara
    Mayan city temples
    Orientation toward the 4 cardinal directions
    City layout reflecting cosmologial form
    Sometimes architectural forms, such as solar observatories
    Align the world to mirror aspects of heaven or the universe
    City Formation
    Spontaneous
    Free time specialization
    Inventions arts and crafts, trade, storage
    Square for trade, wall for defense, temple for
    prayer, fort for powerful
    Learned traits from other city patterns
    Good ideas are copied.
    Chang-an Nara, Kyoto, Roman colonies, etc.
    Figure 10.7, Map, p. 283
    Cities and globalization
    Global cities: global economy control centers.
    Ex: London, NY City, Tokyo
    Globalizing cities: are modified by globalizing
    economies and cultures
    Ex: any city not politically isolated from the world.
    Even Timbuktu has had some globalizing influences.
    The degree of globalization depends on accessibility and desire.
    Urban Ecology: Location
    Trade
    Natural trade advantages (site and situation)
    Defense
    Natural barriers to attack (site and situation)
    Food Supply
    e.g. city states: city + controlled countryside
    hinterland
    Risks
    e.g. floods, quakes, hurricanes
    Defense advantages
    Site: characteristics of a place
    Bluffs, rivers, islands, protected harbors, mesas,
    etc.
    Local barriers of a city.
    Situation: relative location of locations
    Far from enemy, intervening marshes,
    mountains, seas, etc.
    Barriers (outside the city site) between cities or states
    Ex: marshes and distance from Germany and Moscow
    Trade: Site and situation
    Trade sites:
    Route branches, portages, end of navigable rivers, fords,
    river mouths, bays, estuaries, etc.
    Trade situations:
    Closer to other cities
    Berlin, Paris, London, Milan, etc.
    Along trade routes
    Singapore, Detroit, Venice (historical), Los Angeles
    Access to nearby friendly ports
    Mexico City, Beijing
    Access to resources or production regions (agriculture/mfg.)
    Hong Kong, New Orleans, Chicago
    Central Place Theory: Threshold and Range

    Threshold: minimum population required to survive.


    Range: maximum distance people travel for a service.

    http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/APHG/Unit%206/
    urbannotes_files/image002.jpg
    Central Place Theory
    All things being equal, go
    to closest service.
    Over time, patterns
    become hexagonal as
    competition increases.
    Ex: Europe (night image)
    In grid patterns, start
    seeing grid central city
    patterns, too.
    Ex: Midwest
    Globalizing City Problems
    Squatter settlements
    Insufficient income illegal housing, with poor/no services
    Informal sectors
    All cities have them, all economies have them, all countries have them.
    Apartheid (There is a city model for this in the text.)
    Isolation of undesired ethnicities in all aspects of life
    Central planned economy cities
    Economic inefficiencies are costly, and quality is lower.
    They may be as environmentally problematic as hyper-capitalist cities.
    (Central planning can miss local problems.)
    Hyper-capitalist cities (e.g. transition from communist)
    Business growth can result in illegally appropriated land.
    Illegal pollution is a larger problem.
    Laws may be less strictly enforced, and can be circumvented.
    Not limited to post-communist cities See Singapore.
    Chapter 11: Inside the City
    Look at this as the other half of a single topic.
    Differences between cities are also found as
    differences within cities.
    Patterns often repeat at different scales.
    Models of urban structure
    1. Concentric Zone: Concentric rings: CBD, transition zone,
    independent worker houses, better houses, commuter zone.
    Like VonThunens concentric ring agricultural model
    2. Sector: initial land use patterns expand in wedges from the
    center. (think of this as being like wedges of different pizzas.)
    3. Multiple Nuclei: Initial nuclei form around basic activities,
    and land uses are attracted to those nuclei of development.
    Nuclei: CBD, harbor, university, airport, park, railroad
    yards, manufacturing, military bases, etc.
    4. Peripheral Model: Ring cities and a ring road (next page)
    4. Peripheral Model
    urban area with inner city
    and suburbs connected by
    a ring road
    suburbs become edge
    cities.
    Examples:
    Washington DC
    Los Angeles CA
    (Add the beltway!)
    SJ Map
    Colonial mission
    Circles
    Sectors
    Nuclei
    (Google Earth)
    Inner cities: distinctive problems
    Deterioration and Blight (housing & services):
    Housing ages.
    Rent < maintenance skip it.
    Rent < bills, etc abandon / raze / sell
    Urban renewal (& public, private, or both types of housing):
    Demolition of old housing dislocates people,
    High rises can provide poor environments if not careful.
    Renovation ( & gentrification):
    Pay for renewal,
    gentrification dislocates lower classes, usually affecting
    ethnicities.
    Land use influences

    Filtering: (a housing use/reuse pattern): Large houses


    subdivided, age, occupied by successive immigrant
    waves.
    Red-Lining: (illegal denial of credit): drawing lines on a
    map to identify areas in which loans will not be given.
    Public housing: units reserved for low income
    households, who pay reduced rates (e.g. 30% of their
    income) for rent.
    Underclass:

    (inner city text reference, only there?)


    peoples trapped in an unending cycle of
    economic and social problems.
    Why?
    Culture of poverty:
    Single Parents:
    2/3 of children by unwed mothers, 90% one parent, inadequate child
    care, deadbeat dads
    Poor Education:
    Lack of motivation, less parental support, school drug use, etc. low
    academic success
    High Crime Rate:
    drug use, gang violence over drug turf, more visible drug distribution than
    in suburbs
    Segregation:
    (chain migration), separation in poor regions by recent immigrants, lower
    classes, some ethnicities
    Economics:
    insufficient local taxation poorer services, (schools, parks, transit,
    refuse, libraries, etc.)
    Partial Solutions:

    Renovation (ex: urban renewal projects)


    Problems
    Benefits
    Annexation
    Problems
    Benefits
    (who wins, who loses?)
    Suburbs

    The Great American Dream (days gone by)


    (Alternatively, the Great Escape)
    House
    Yard
    Garage
    Shopping
    Close Satellite workplace (Services and Industry)
    Edge cities
    Peripheral residences, gas station, & other services develop
    over time.
    Established shopping centers and malls,
    Then light manufacturing centers,
    Often developed around nuclei of attraction.
    These become edge cities.
    Alternate explanation
    (extension of central place theory)
    original communities grow with increasing pop. density.
    Density gradient
    Change in density with distance
    Once high, with CBD and nearby regions
    densely populated.
    Decay and urban blight suburban flight,
    smaller cities farther out
    Suburban Segregation
    Segregation by income
    Upper & middle class housing, separated, zone no apartments,
    min. acreage (more sale profit)
    Jobs are often suburban, but the poor workforce is often urban.
    Need a transportation match for increased employment.
    Suburban Sprawl
    Progressive spread of development over the landscape. (Why?)
    Home ownership, lifestyle, Fed. auto subsidies, &
    Costs:
    Inefficient costly development, less farmland, less truck
    farming, patchwork development, higher utility costs, &.
    Effects:
    Increased dependence on transportation.
    If inadequate, means, then less travel.
    Lower class isolation.
    Transportation

    Loss of rail transit,


    partial recovery,
    90% interstate automobile subsidies,
    of land transit and parking, congested
    Public transport:
    Cheaper, less polluting, more energy efficient (if there are
    MANY commuters per bus). Separate rail services avoid
    delays of rush hour.
    Under-funded in the US compared to the EU.
    Arguably cheaper than building more roads.
    Less pollution (tie to resources in previous chapters.)
    Government Fragmentation:

    Services in an urban area often cross multiple municipal


    boundaries,
    e.g. transit, water, e-, schools.
    Costs are higher, when handled separately, and confusion
    abounds.
    Some cities cooperate, forming combined governments.
    This leads to
    Inter-governmental Cooperation Approaches
    Metropolitan Governments: coordination of service provision
    Councils of Government:
    cooperative agency with local government reps, often used for overall
    planning.
    Federations:
    two tiered structure, higher level control over taxation, assessment,
    and borrowing, local service responsibility
    Consolidations:
    City and county governments work together, sometimes formally
    separate, sometimes unified.
    This cooperation also facilitates better growth strategies
    Smart Growth:
    (Planning concept)
    Legislation and regulation with limiting suburban sprawl, and
    preserving (open space, e.g.) farmland
    reduce infrastructure costs,
    Encourages
    Compact development,
    Infill
    possibly greenbelts
    limits annexation / development outside the city limits
    (other means and outcomes)
    Questions?
    (Pause, query, wait)
    (Time permitting) Tie back to:
    Population
    Migration
    Cultures
    Ethnicities
    Manufacturing
    Services
    Language
    Site and Situation
    Tie back: Migration
    Urban to suburban for quality of life, usually
    middle to upper middle class.
    Near CBD: If poor transportation or high
    costs, migrate closer to work, prices
    permitting
    Chain Migration ethnicity concentrations

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