NETWORKING

BY:
ABULENCIA, ROBERTO B. JR.
ARGUELLES, JOHN CRISTALIN R.
MACABUHAY, JOHNSON P.
NETWORKING
WHAT IS NETWORK?

A networking is two devices connected to each other with a physical medium,

such as wires or radio signals
The connection allows those two devices too exchange data
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF NETWORKS?

Networks enhance many aspects of life and business for individuals and
organization, including;
Communication and collaboration
Sharing information and resources
Organizing data
Saving costs
HOW ARE NETWORKS ORGANIZED

Networks are organized based on their geographic location

A local are network, or LAN, is a group of computers or devices that:
o Are confined to a small geographic
area, such as a singe building
o Share a common communication medium,
such as cabled or wireless connections
o Are connected to a central connecting device,
like a hub, switch or router.
NETWORK DOCUMENTATION
Describes, defines, and explains the physical
and logical method for connecting devices
The documentation phase occurs before a
network is built, or when changes are made
to the network
Microsoft visio is a tool that can be used
to document networks
WHAT ARE HOST?
Desktop PCs, Laptops, Cell phones, Servers, Routers and so on
A host can be any device that has an IP address an address used to send
and receive data in a network
o IP addresses help identify devices and the networks where they are located
WHAT ARE CENTRAL CONNECTING DEVICES?

Hubs, Switches, and Routers act as central connecting devices

Central connecting devices are responsible for:
o Connecting host
o Transmitting data
Different central connecting devices perform these functions in different ways
WHAT DEVICES MAKE UP LANs?
HOW DO HUBS FUNCTION?

Hosts send data to a hub

The hub then broadcasts that data to all
other connected hosts on the network
HOW DO SWITCHES FUNCTION?

Hosts send data to a switch

Switches direct data to its intended
destination
Unlike hubs, switches can send and
receive data simultaneously
Switches are the most common device used
to connect host to a network
HOW DO ROUTERS FUNCTION?

Routers are at the edge of LANs

They act as a gateway to other networks
Routers allow communication between
host on different networks
HOW DO DEVICES CONNECT?

Computers have network adapters, also known

as Network interface Cards (NICs), that allow
them to connect to networks
NICs via wires or wireless signals
o Wired adapters feature an RJ45 port
o Wireless adapters feature an antenna and connect to
networks using Wireless Access Points (WAPs)
(NIC) Network Interface Card Connector Type
o Coaxial Cable
- Boyonet Nut Connector (BNC)
o Twisted Pair Cable
- RJ-45 (8wire)
o Fiber Optics Connector
- SMA connectror
ETHERNET CABLES
Ethernet cables are made of copper wires
Transmit data in the form of electrical pulses
Wireless connections rely on different technologies
Wireless Access Points (WAPs)
Waps provide a central points of access for devices that
want to connect to a Local Area Network (LAN).
Wireless network can consist of many
types of devices other than traditional PCs
o Smart phones.
o PDAs
o Tablet computer
o Micro computers
o PCs and laptops equipped with
wireless network adapters
can connect to these networks as well
DATA Transfer on A LAN
Serial DATA Transfer
Transfer of one bit at a time
Data can travel in a single bit
stream in both directions
Depends on type of connection
HOW FAST DOES DATA TRAVEL?
A data transfer rate is the maximum bits per second (bps) that can be
transmitted over a network
Signified with a lowercase b
The lowercase b differentiates bits from bytes
DATA TRANSFER IN LANS
Before data is transferred, it has to go through the following process:
o Large chunks of data are broken into segments
o Addressing information in added
to each segment, making it a packet
o Packets then travel to the network information is
added and they become Ethernet frames
o Each frame is then broken into a data stream of bits 0s
and 1s that travel over physical media
DATA TRANSFER IN LANS
When data is received, it has to go through the following process:
o The receiving computer reassembles the bits into an
Ethernet frame
o It removes the frame information, and check the packet
information to make sure it was the intended recipient
o The packet information is then stripped, and the data
segment is reassembled into the file that we click on in
Windows Explorer
HOW DOES DATA KNOW WHERE TO GO?
Most ever computer and many devices have an Internet Protocol (IP) address
o Uniquely identifies a device and its associated network
A typical example of an IPv4 address would be 192.168.1.1
Every IP address is broken down into two parts by a subnet mask
o Network ID 192.168.1
o Host ID 1
SUBNET MASK

A group of four number that define a computers network.

Note: all of the 255s in a subnet mask collectively refer to the network
portion, whereas the 0s refer to the host portion.
TYPES OF LOCAL AREA NETWORK
Wired LANS (WLANs)

Hosts, such as PCs or laptops,

are connected to central
connecting devices.
Wireless LANS (WLANs)

Host connect to networks through WAPs

Wireless Application Protocols.
To connect to a WAP, a device must have
As wireless network adapter.
In larger WLANs, the connect to a wired
switch.
Virtual LANs (VLANs)

With VLANs, devices in a LAN

are grouped based on their function.
Implemented to:
o organize networks
o enhance performance
o increase security
Physical location of devices does not matter.
 NETWORKING

UNDERSTAND NETWORK TOPOLOGIES AND

ACCESS METHODS
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
ETHERNET STANDARDS
PEER TO PEER Vs. CLIENT/SERVER MODELS
WHAT IS NETWORK TOPOLOGIES?

A network topology defines the physical connections of host in a network

There are multiple types of topologies, including:
o Bus
o Star
o Ring
o Mesh
 BUS TOPOLOGY STAR TOPOLOGY

All devices are connected via Each host is connected to a central

copper cable in a line connecting device with twisted-pair
cabling
o The central connecting device can be a
hub, a switch, or a router
 RING TOPOLOGY MESH TOPOLOGY

Each device is connected to the LAN Each host is connects to every other
using a closed loop computer in a LAN
No central connecting device (CCD)
Setup is fault-tolerant
WHAT IS ETHERNET?

Standards that defines how data is sent and receive

devices.
Standardized by the institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers(IEEE). 802.3
IEEE 802.3
THE CLIENT / SERVER MODEL

Server are computers dedicated

to providing specific types of
services or data.
A client ( a computer ) uses software to
ask a server for data or services.
The server provides the data
or services to the client
TYPES OF SERVER
THE PEER TO PEER MODEL

Peers are client that have equal capabilities

and responsibilities in this model.
o Ability to serve and request data
o No server in this model
 NETWORKING

UNDERSTAND THE OSI MODEL

o LLAYER OF THE OSI MODEL
COMMUNICATIONS SUBNETWORK
UPPER OSI LAYER

UNDERSTAND SWITCHES
o LAYER 2 SWITCHING
o LAYER 3 SWITCHING
WHAT IS PROTOCOLS?
Protocols:
Clearly defines rules and procedures that allow different manufacturers
to create hardware and software that work together at a specific layer
WHAT IS THE OSI MODEL?
Means of simplifying the complicated functions and processes of networking
Created by the International Organization for Standardization or ISO
Features seven layer, each with its own distinct set of protocols And functions
SEVEN LAYERS OF OSI
OSI MODEL LAYERS
 COMMUNICATIONS SUB-NETWORK

The communications Sub-network consists of layers 1 through 3

1. Physical
2. Data link
3. Network
 LAYER 1 PHYSICAL LAYER
Defines the physical and electrical medium for data transfer
o Physical layer components: cables, jacks, patch panels, and hubs.
o Physical layer concepts: topologies, analog versus digital/encoding, bit synchronization,
baseband versus broadband, multiplexing, and serial data transfer
o Unit of measurement: Bits
 ETHERNET STANDARDS

LAN standard providing a communication method for high speed data

exchange among devices
Defined physical and Data link Layer
o 100BASE-T
o 100 for 100 Mbps
o BASE for baseband
o T for twisted-pair cabling
 LAYER 2 DATA LINK LAYER

Establishes, maintains, and decides how transfer is accomplished over the

physical layer
o Data Link Layer components: network interface cards and bridges
o Unit of measurement: frames
Ensures error-free transmission over the physical layer
 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL ADDRESS

Network adapters on an Ethernet network have unique Media Access Control

(MAC) addresses
MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to network adapters by the
manufacturer
MAC address is six octets in length written in hexadecimal
LAYER 2 SWITCHING
What is a switch?
Switches are central connecting devices
They use MAC addresses to establish point to point connections between
devices
o In contrast, Hubs broadcast to all connected devices
Hosts connect to switches by plugging into their ports
WHAT IS THE LAYER 2 SWITCH?
A layer 2 switch is most common types of switch used on a LAN
Layer 2 switches direct frames on a LAN Based on the MAC address of each
hosts network adapter
Each port of a switch is mapped to the MAC address of the device that is
connected
HOW DO LAYER 2 SWITCHES FUNCTION?
Layer 2 switches are hardware-based
and use MAC address of each host computers
network adapter when deciding where
to direct data frames
Ports on the switch are mapped
to the specific MAC address
of the device attached
VIRTUAL LAN (VLAN)
 HOW DO SWITCHES REMEMBER MAC ADDRESS?

Switches map the MAC addresses of

connected computers to their ports
in a CAM table.
CAM stands for Content Addressable memory
The CAM table is stored in the memory of
a switch
o This memory is limited
LAYER 3- NETWORK LAYER

Controls the operation of routing and switching information to the different networks
Translate logical addresses or names to physical addresses
Internet protocol (IP) is a NETWORK layer protocol
Devices that work at the network layer are routers and IP switches
Network layer components: IP addresses, subnets
Unit of measurement: packets
LAYER 4 TRANSPORT LAYER

ensures messages are delivered error- free, in sequence and with no losses or
duplications
Protocols that work at this layer:
o Segment messages
o Ensure correct reassembly at the receiving end
o Perform message acknowledgement and massage traffic control
The transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and connectionless protocols
Unit of measurement used: segment or messages
 CONNECTIONLESS COMMUNICATION

End-to-end connection is not necessary before data is sent

Every packet that is sent has the destination address in the header
Sufficient to move independent packets, such as in streaming media
Datagram delivery is not guaranteed and lost packets cannot be resent
 CONNECTION-ORIENTED COMMUNICATION

Require both devices involved in the communication establish an end-to-end

logical connection before data can be sent.
These communication are considered reliable network services
Packets not received by the destination device can be resent by the sender.
 CONNECTION-BASED PROTOCOLS

The transport layer contains both connection-oriented and connectionless

protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides a connection-based, reliable,
byte-stream service to programs
User Data Protocol (UDP) provides a connectionless, unreliable transport
service
 LAYER 5 SESSION LAYER

Manages session establishment, maintenance and termination between

network devices
-examples : when you log on and log off
This layer controls the name and address database for the OS
NETBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System ) is a protocol that works at
this layer.
 LAYER 6-PRESENTATION LAYER

Translates the data format from sender to receive in the various OSes that may be
used
Presentation Layer concepts include
-character code conversion
-Data compression
-Data encryption

Redirectors work on this layer, such as mapped network drives that enable a
computer to access file shares on a remote computer
 LAYER 7-APPLICATION LAYER

Serves as a the window for users and application process

to access network services
-where message creation begins
End user protocols such as FTP, SMTP, Telnet, and RAS work
at this layer
- NOTE: this layer is not the application itself, but the protocols
that are initiated by this layer
OSI MODEL REVIEWED
WHAT IS METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) ?

spans an entire city or campus.

MANs are larger than LANs but
smaller than wide area networks
 WHAT IS WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) ?

Wide area networks (WANs )

connect multiple LANs over large
geographical areas
WANs are networks of networks
The internet is the largest WAN
in the world