Chapter 5

AM, FM, and Digital Modulated Systems

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Suppressed carrier (DSSC)
Assymetric Sideband Signals
Single sideband signals (SSB)
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
 Bandpass Signaling Review
The modulated bandpass signal can be described by

s (t ) Re{g (t )e j C t } Where c 2f c ; f c - Carier Frequency

Modulation Mapping function: Convert m(t) g(t) Ref : Table 4-1

The voltage spectrum of the bandpass signal is V( f )

1
2

G f f c G * f f c

The PSD of the bandpass signal is

Where G f F g t ; Pg f - PSD of the complex envelope g(t);

 Amplitude Modulation
The Complex Envelope of an AM signal is given by

g (t ) Ac [1 m(t )]

Ac indicates the power level of AM and m(t) is the Modulating Signal

Representation of an AM signal is given by

s (t ) Ac [1 m(t )]cos ct

Ac[1+m(t)] In-phase component x(t)

If m(t) has a peak positive values of +1 and a peak negative value of -1

AM signal 100% modulated

Envelope detection can be used if % modulation is less than 100%.

 Amplitude Modulation

An Example of a message signal m(t)

Waveform for Amplitude modulation of the message signal m(t)

 Amplitude Modulation

An Example of message energy spectral density.

Carrier component together

with the message 2B

Energy spectrum of the AM modulated message signal.

 AM Percentage Modulation
Definition: The percentage of positive modulation on an AM signal is

Amax Ac
% Positive Modulation 100 max m(t ) 100
Ac

The percentage of negative modulation on an AM signal is

Ac Amin
100 min m(t ) 100
Ac

The percentage of overall modulation is

Amax Amin max m(t ) min m(t )

% Modulation 100 100
2 Ac 2
Amax - Maximum value of Ac [1 m(t )]
Amin - Minimum value of Ac [1 m(t )]
Ac - Level of AM envelope in the absence of modulation [i.e., m(t) 0]

If m(t) has a peak positive values of +1 and a peak negative value of -1

AM signal 100% modulated

 AM Signal Waveform

% Positive modulation= 50%

Amax = 1.5Ac % Negative modulation =50%
Overall Modulation = 50%
Amin = 0.5 Ac
 AM Percentage Modulation

Under modulated (<100%) 100% modulated Over Modulated (>100%)

Envelope Detector Envelope Detector

Can be used Gives Distorted signal
 AM Normalized Average Power

The normalized average power of the AM signal is

1 1
s2 t g t Ac2 1 m t
2 2

2 2
1

Ac2 1 2m t m 2 t
2
1 1
Ac2 Ac2 m t Ac2 m 2 t
2 2

If the modulation contains no dc level, then m t 0

The normalized power of the AM signal is

1 2 1 2 2
s2 t Ac Ac m t
2 2

Discrete Carrier Power Sideband power

 AM Modulation Efficiency
Definition : The Modulation Efficiency is the percentage of the total power
of the modulated signal that conveys information.

Only Sideband Components Convey information

Modulation Efficiency:
m2 t
E 100
1 m t
2

Highest efficiency for a 100% AM signal : 50% - square wave modulation

Normalized Peak Envelope Power (PEP) of the AM signal:

Voltage Spectrum of the AM signal:

Unmodulated Carrier Translated Message Signal

Spectral Component
 Example 5-1. Power of an AM signal
Suppose that a 5000-W AM transmitter is connected to a 50 ohm load;

1 Ac2 Without
Then the constant Ac is given by 5,000 Ac 707 V
2 50 Modulation

If the transmitter is then 100% modulated by a 1000-Hz test tone ,

the total (carrier + sideband) average power will be

2 1
m t 2 for 100% modulation

The peak voltage (100% modulation) is (2)(707) = 1414 V across the 50 ohm load.

The peak envelope power (PEP) is

The modulation efficiency would be 33% since < m2(t) >=1/2

 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

1 2 1 2 2
Power in a AM signal is given by s2 t Ac Ac m t
2 2
Carrier Power Sideband power

DSBSC is obtained by eliminating carrier component

If m(t) is assumed to have a zero DC level, then s (t ) Ac m(t ) cos c t
Ac
Spectrum S ( f ) M f fc M f fc
2
1 2 2
Power s t
2
Ac m t
2
m2 t
Modulation Efficiency E 2 100 100%
m t
Disadvantages of DSBSC:
Less information about the carrier will be delivered to the receiver.
Needs a coherent carrier detector at receiver
 DSBSC Modulation

s (t ) Ac m(t ) cos c t
B

An Example of message energy spectral density.

No Extra Carrier 2B
component

Energy spectrum of the DSBSC modulated message signal.

 Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation
Coherent reference for product detection of DSBSC can not be obtained by the
use of ordinary PLL because there are no spectral line components at fc.
 Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation
A squaring loop can also be used to obtain coherent reference carrier for product
detection of DSBSC. A frequency divider is needed to bring the double carrier
frequency to fc.
 Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation
An upper single sideband (USSB) signal has a zero-valued spectrum for

A lower single sideband (LSSB) signal has a zero-valued spectrum for

SSB-AM popular method ~ BW is same as that of the modulating signal.

Note: Normally SSB refers to SSB-AM type of signal

USSB LSSB
 Single Sideband Signal
Theorem : A SSB signal has Complex Envelope and bandpass form as:

Upper sign (-) USSB

s t Ac m t cos c t m (t ) sin c t Lower sign (+) LSSB

m (t ) Hilbert transform of m(t) Where

j , f 0
and H f
j, f 0
Hilbert Transform corresponds to a -90 0 phase shift
H(f)

f
-j
 Single Sideband Signal
Proof: Fourier transform of the complex envelope

Upper sign USSB
G f Ac M f j
m
t Ac M f (f)
jM Lower sign LSSB

Using m t m t h t G f Ac M f 1 jH f

2 Ac M f , f 0
G f
0, f 0
1
Recall from Chapter 4 V( f ) G ( f f c ) G * [( f f c )]
2

M f f c , f f c 0, f fc
S f Ac Ac Upper sign USSB
0, f f c M f f c , f f c

If lower signs were used LSSB signal would have been obtained
 Single Sideband Signal

2 Ac M f , f 0
G f
0, f 0

M f f c , f f c

S f Ac
0, f fc

0, f fc
Ac

M f f c , f f c
 SSB - Power
The normalized average power of the SSB signal
1 1
s2 t g (t ) Ac2 m 2 t m t
2 2

2 2
Hilbert transform does not change
m t m 2 t
2
power.

SSB signal power is:

Power gain factor Power of the modulating signal

The normalized peak envelope (PEP) power is:

1 1 2 2
max g (t ) Ac m t m t
2 2

2 2
 Generation of SSB
SSB signals have both AM and PM.

The complex envelope of SSB:

For the AM component,

For the PM component,

Advantages of SSB

Superior detected signal-to-noise ratio compared to that of AM

SSB has one-half the bandwidth of AM or DSB-SC signals
 Generation of SSB
SSB Can be generated using two techniques
1. Phasing method
2. Filter Method
Phasing method
This method is a special modulation type of IQ canonical form
of Generalized transmitters discussed in Chapter 4 ( Fig 4.28)
 Generation of SSB
Filter Method
The filtering method is a special case in which RF processing (with a
sideband filter) is used to form the equivalent g(t), instead of using
baseband processing to generate g(m) directly. The filter method is the
most popular method because excellent sideband suppression can be
obtained when a crystal oscillator is used for the sideband filter.
Crystal filters are relatively inexpensive when produced in quantity at
standard IF frequencies.
Weavers Method for Generating SSB.
Generation of VSB
Frequency Divison Multiplexing