Analog Transmission: Digital To Analog Modulation Modulation Devices Analog To Analog Modulation

Analog Transmission
Digital to Analog Modulation

Modulation Devices
Analog to Analog Modulation
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Digital to Analog Modulation
Digital-to-analog modulation: the process of changing one of

the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information
in a digital signal
Forget me not: characteristics of a sine wave are amplitude,
frequency, phase.
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Carrier Signal
Sender
Produce a high-frequency signal that acts as a basis
for the information signal => carrier signal
Modulate the carrier signal to reflect the digital
information. The information signal is called the
modulating signal
Receiver
Tune in the carrier frequency to receive
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Bit Rate vs. Baud Rate
Note:
Bit rate is the number of bits per second
- More important in speaking of computer efficiency
Baud rate is the number of signal units per second that are
required to represent those bits
-More important in speaking of data transmission
-Determine the bandwidth required to send the signal
Analogy in transportation: a baud is analogous to a car while a bit is analogous to a passenger

(1: male, 0: female). The number of cars determines the traffic; that of passengers does not
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Baud Rate Example
Ananalogsignalcarries4bitsineachsignalunit.If1000
signalunitsaresentpersecond,findthebaudrateandthe
bitrate
Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s)
Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps
Thebitrateofasignalis3000.Ifeachsignalunitcarries
6bits,whatisthebaudrate?
Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s
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Digital-Analog Modulation Schemes
Amplitude shift keying Frequency shift keying Phase shift keying
Quadrature shift modulation

All a,f,p changes combined
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Only amplitude is varied to represent binary 1 or 0
Peak amplitude during each bit duration is constant
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ASK (contd.)
Disadvantage
Highly susceptible to noise interference because ASK relies on
amplitude to differentiate between 1 and 0
Need a great gap between amplitude values so that noise can
be detected and removed
OOK (on/off keying)
A popular ASK technique
Zero voltage represent a bit value (e.g., 0)
Save energy in transmitting information
On voice-grade line, up to 1200bps
Used to transmit digital data over optical fiber
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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Only frequency is varied to represent binary 1 or 0
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FSK vs. ASK
FSK
Less susceptible to error
On voice-grade lines, up to 1200bps
Commonly used for high-freq (3-30 Mhz) radio
Also used at even high freq on LANs that use coaxial
cable
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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Only phase is varied to represent 1 or 0
2-PSK: only 2 phase values are used, each for 1 or 0
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4-PSK
Note: PSK is no susceptible to the noise degradation that affects ASK

or to the bandwidth limitations of FSK
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PSK: Drawback
Note:
Modulation device is not able to

distinguish small differences in phase
=> limit BitRate
Why not combine PSK and ASK: x variations in
phase with y variations in amplitude result in xy
variations => increase bit rate
IICT, BUET
8-QAM
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Telephone Modem
A telephone line has a bandwidth of almost 2400 Hz for data transmission (600 3000 Hz). This
bandwidth defines a baseband nature which needs to modulate for data transmission modem.
Modem modulator and demodulator
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Telephone Line Bandwidth
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Traditional Modems
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56K Modem: V.90
Max: 33Kbps
Max: 56Kbps
8000 samples/s, 8 bits/sample,
7bits per data => 56Kbps
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56K Modem: V.92
Similar to V.90
Modem can adjust speed
If noise allows => upload max 48 Kbps, download
still 56 Kbps
V.92: can interrupt the Internet connection when

there is an incoming call (if call-waiting service
is installed)
IICT, BUET
Analog to Analog Modulation
Representation of analog information by an analog signal
Why do we need it? Analog is already analog!!!
Because we may have to use a band-pass channel
Think about radio
Schemes
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)
IICT, BUET
Amplitude Modulation: AM
Carrier signal is
modulated so that its
amplitude varies with
the changing amplitudes
of the modulating signal
Freq, phase remain same

s(t) = (1+nax(t))cos(2 fct)
IICT, BUET
Frequency Modulation: FM
Freq. of carrier signal is

modified to reflect the
changing amplitudes of
the modulating signal
Amp., phase remain

same
IICT, BUET
Phase Modulation: PM
Only phase is varied to reflect the change of

amplitude in modulating signal
Require simpler hardware than FM
Use in some systems as an alternative to FM
IICT, BUET

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Analog Transmission

Digital to Analog Modulation

Digital-to-analog modulation: the process of changing one of

-Determine the bandwidth required to send the signal

Analogy in transportation: a baud is analogous to a car while a bit is analogous to a passenger

Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s

Amplitude shift keying Frequency shift keying Phase shift keying

Quadrature shift modulation

Peak amplitude during each bit duration is constant

2-PSK: only 2 phase values are used, each for 1 or 0

Note: PSK is no susceptible to the noise degradation that affects ASK

Modulation device is not able to

V.92: can interrupt the Internet connection when

Freq, phase remain same

Freq. of carrier signal is

Amp., phase remain

Only phase is varied to reflect the change of

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