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1-Introduction To Hydrology

Okay, let's solve this step-by-step: * Inflow rate = 10 m3/s * Outflow rate = 15 m3/s * Time period = 24 hours * To convert hours to seconds: 24 hours x 3600 seconds/hour = 86400 seconds * Change in storage = Inflow - Outflow x Time = (10 m3/s - 15 m3/s) x 86400 seconds = -5 m3/s x 86400 seconds = -432000 m3 So the change in storage within the 24 hour period is -432000 m3.

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94 views25 pages

1-Introduction To Hydrology

Okay, let's solve this step-by-step: * Inflow rate = 10 m3/s * Outflow rate = 15 m3/s * Time period = 24 hours * To convert hours to seconds: 24 hours x 3600 seconds/hour = 86400 seconds * Change in storage = Inflow - Outflow x Time = (10 m3/s - 15 m3/s) x 86400 seconds = -5 m3/s x 86400 seconds = -432000 m3 So the change in storage within the 24 hour period is -432000 m3.

Uploaded by

Yao Ssengss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EV 301 Engineering Hydrology

Introduction to Hydrology

Dr. Ali Sobhanmanesh


THEORIES

Definition of hydrology

Scope & importance of hydrology


Definition of Hydrology
The term hydrology is derived from two Greek words hydro and
logas meaning water and science respectively.
Hydrology is the science that treats waters on the earth, their
occurrence, circulation, distribution, their chemical and physical
properties and their environment including their relation to living
things.
In short, what happens to the rain is the basis of the definition of the
science of hydrology.
It should not be confused with hydraulics, which deals with the
mechanics of water
Introduction to Hydrology
Hydrology is the science of water concerned with the origin, circulation, distribution,
and properties of waters of the earth and their reaction with their environment.
The domain of hydrology embraces the full life history of water on the earth.
The scope of hydrology is wide, but the most vital knowledge obtained from this
field helps in:

- Estimating the maximum probable flood that may occur and its frequency.
- Estimating the water yield from a drainage basin.
- Determining the groundwater development and characteristics.
- Estimating the maximum intensity of storm and its frequency.
Hydrology Parts
In general hydrology is divided into 2 parts:

Hydrology Science:
Research tending towards the aspect of water occurrence theory, its
chemical and biological characteristics and behavior.
Hydrology Engineering:
Research tending towards the practical aspect; that is using the knowledge of
hydrology science to complete water source projects. Also involves
researches to evaluate and approximate the available amount of water,
according to the context of time and space.
Importance of hydrology:

Water is, indeed, the most valuable natural resource because human
race or life will not survive in its absence.
However, this natural source, at times, assumes the form of a very
destructive agent destroying valuable property, taking a heavy toll of
life and eroding and carrying thousands of tons of rich and fertile soil
into the sea.
It is necessary that an attempt be made to gain a better
understanding of he occurrence and behaviour of water on earth.
Introduction to Hydrology (Recap)
World Water Inventory
97.24%

2.76%

Saline water Freshwater

World water inventory


Over 97% of water on Earth is saline water, hence not suitable for direct daily
uses. About 3% is fresh water, and out of this tiny percentage, over 60% is
contained in glaciers and permanent snow cover.
Hydrological Cycle

Hydrology concerned with the circulation of water and its


constituents through the hydrologic cycle.
The cyclic movement of water from the sea to the atmosphere and
hence by precipitation to the earth, where it collects in streams and
runs back to the sea.
This endless circulation has neither beginning nor end.
Water Circulation Phases
The circulation of water penetrates the Atmospheric

three phases of the earth system:

1. Hydrosphere: Bodies of water that cover


the surface of the earth
hydrologic
Hydrosphere
cycle
2. Atmosphere: The gaseous envelop
above the hydrosphere

3. Lithosphere: Rocks below the hydrosphere


Lithosphere
The circulation of water on earth, involves the processes and pathways by which water evaporates from
the earths surface to the atmosphere and returns to the surface as precipitation or condensation.
Hydrological Cycle Processes
solar energy: Water evaporates as vapor into the air.
Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil.
Rising air currents take the vapor up into the atmosphere where cooler
temperatures cause it to condense into clouds.
Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall
out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow and can
accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands
of years.
Snowpacks can thaw and melt, and the melted water flows over land as
snowmelt.
Hydrological Cycle Processes
Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where the precipitation flows over
the ground as surface runoff.
A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with stream-flow moving water
towards the oceans.
Runoff and groundwater are stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers.
Much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground
and replenishes aquifers, which store huge amounts of freshwater for long periods of time.
Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface- water bodies
(and the ocean) as groundwater discharge.
Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs.
Hydrological Cycle Processes
The various processes in a hydrological cycle are as follows:
Precipitation
Evaporation and Transpiration
Infiltration
Groundwater flow
Runoff
Floods
Stream flow
Hydrological Cycle Processes
Precipitation: Condensed water vapor that falls to the earth surface.
Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow, hail, fog drip,
sleet, etc.
Runof: The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This
includes both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water
may infiltrate into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in
lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.
Infiltration: The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground.
Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater.
Hydrological Cycle Processes
Subsurface Flow: The flow of water underground (in the aquifers).
Subsurface water may return to the surface (e.g. as a spring or by being
pumped) or eventually seep into the oceans.
Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain
in aquifers for thousands of years.
Evaporation and transpiration: The transformation of water from liquid to
gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying
atmosphere. The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation.
Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though
together they are specifically referred to as evapotranspiration.
Water Balance
The total amount of water available to the earth is finite and conserved. Although the total

volume of water in the global hydrologic cycle remains constant, the distribution of this water

is continually changing on continents, in regions and local catchments.


From the conservation of mass, water balance for any storage can be expressed as

QI QO =dS / dt (1)
QI, Qo = input flow rate, output flow rate; S- storage

For a discrete system with a time duration t, Eq(1) can be expressed as:
VI Vo =S (2)
VI and Vo are input volume and output volume; S is storage change.
Water Balance
General hydrological equation
The change in storage, S can thus be found by using a basic mass balance equation as follows:

S = (P + Gin) (R + ET + Gout)

P = precipitation.
Gin = groundwater input to the basin/storage.
R = surface runoff.
Gout = infiltration into ground.
ET = evapotranspiration.
Water Balance

Input Flow Output flow = Change in Storage

(P + Gin) (R + ET + Gout) = S
Introduction to Hydrology (Recap)

Practice 1.1

A reservoir has the following inflows and outflows (in ) for 3 months. If the
storage at the first month is 50, determine the storage at the end of the third
month.

Month 1 2 3
Inflow 4 6 9
Outflow 8 11 5
Examples & Problem Solving
Suggestions for Problem Solving
1. Read the problem carefully; note or write down what is
given and what you are required to find.
2. Draw clear diagram or sketches wherever possible.
3. Devise a strategy to find the solution. Determine what
principles, concepts, and equations are needed to solve
the problem.
4. Perform calculations making sure that you are using the
correct units.
5. Check whether your results are reasonable
Common Units
Flow rate in stream and rivers are usually recorded as cubic meters per second (m3/s, i.e., cumecs) or cubic
feet per second (cfs).
Volumes are often measured as cubic meters, gallons, and liters.
Precipitations are commonly recorded in inches or millimeters.
Rainfall rates are usually represented in inches or centimeters per hour.
Evaporation, transpiration and infiltration rate are measured as inches or millimeters per day or longer time
periods.

Some common conversions:


1 inch = 0.254 meter = 25.4 mm
1 foot = 0.3048 meter
1 gallon = 0.003785 m3
1 m3 = 1000 liters
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 hectare = 10000 m2
1 Acre = 4047 m2
Example 1.2

An underground reservoir received inflowing and outflowing


water at the rate of 10 and 15 m3/s respectively within 24
hour. Determine the change in the storage within the specified
time period.

Answer: -4.32 x 105 m3; Water Reduction

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