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Contents
Introduction
History
Establishing a connection
Architecture
Advantages and Applications
Limitations
WHAT IS BLUETOOTH??
Bluetooth is a method for data
communication that uses short-range radio
links to replace cables between computers
and their connected units. It is a radio
frequency technology utilizing the unlicensed
2.5GHz industrial, scientific and medical
(ISM) band. Bluetooth is an open standard for
wireless connectivity with supporters mostly
from the PC and cell phone industries.
WHY BLUETOOTH??
Bluetooth attempts to provide significant
advantages over other data transfer technologies
such as IrDA and HomeRF.
IrDA is already popular in PC to peripherals, but
is severely limited by the short connection
distance of 1m and the line of sight requirement
for communication. Due to its RF nature bluetooth
is not subjected to such limitations. In addition to
wireless device connections up to 10-100m,
devices need not be within line of sight. Also it is
designed to be low cost i.e. under $10/unit.  
HISTORY
 Bluetooth got its name from the 10th century, second
King of Denmark, King Harald Bluetooth
 The Bluetooth specification was developed in 1994 by
Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson, who were working
for Ericsson Mobile Platforms in Sweden.The
specification is based on frequency-hopping spread
spectrum technology.
 The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth
Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally
announced on May 20, 1998. Today it has a
membership of over 11,000 companies worldwide. It
was established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba,
and Nokia, and later joined by many other companies.
 Bluetooth is essentially a networking
standard that works at two levels:
It provides agreement at the physical level
-Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard.
It provides agreement at the protocol level,
where products have to agree on when bits
are sent, how many will be sent at a time,
and how the parties in a conversation can
be sure that the message received is the
same as the message sent.
Establishing a connection
Linking one Bluetooth device to another involves a
series of inquiry and paging procedures. The inquiry
process entails the following steps:
 The Bluetooth device sends out an inquiry access code
packet (inquiry packet) to search and locate these
devices.
 The existing Bluetooth devices already within the area
will occasionally enter an inquiry scan state of their
own to troll for any inquiring devices.
 When a device in the inquiry scan state receives an
inquiry packet, it will respond with a frequency hop
synchronization (FHS) packet that is sent back to the
inquiring device.
 
 The inquiring Bluetooth device now wants to establish a
connection with another Bluetooth device.
 To successfully locate and page a target Bluetooth
device, the paging device estimates the hop frequency
and clock of the target Bluetooth device using the FHS
packet received during inquiry.
 The paging device “pages” the target device with the
target device’s device access code (DAC). The paging
device transmits the DAC on several different hop
frequencies that it thinks the target device is receiving
(as calculated using the FHS packet) and continues to do
so until a connection is made.
 While the paging device (the master) is paging, the
target (slave) device may be involved in other piconets.
Occasionally, it will enter the page scan state and listen
for pages directed to it, scanning through 16 different
frequencies. When it receives a page from the paging
device, it will respond to the page by sending an update
of its clock to the paging device.
 Once the paging device receives a page response
from the target device, information vital for a
connection is exchanged between the two devices.
Information exchanged includes the device address
and clock of the paging device, which is used to
determine the timing and frequency-hop sequence
of the newly formed piconet.
Bluetooth packet format
  When data is transmitted, it is first broken
down into smaller packets and sent
serially with the least significant bit sent
first. Each data packet contains three
fields:
1. Access code
2. Header
3. Payload
 
Access Codes

The access code is used primarily for

piconet identification and
synchronization. The access code
identifies the piconet to which each
data packet belong; all data packets
having both a packet header and
payload present will have a 72-b
access code.
Packet header
The packet header, which follows the access code
and contains link control information, contain six
fields:
AM_ADDR, a 3-b active member address, is used
to indicate where the packet is destined.
The 4-b TYPE field indicates the type of packet
that has been sent.
The FLOW bit is used for flow control.
ARQN is the acknowledge bit that informs the
source whether the previous transaction was
successful.
The sequence (SEQN) bit allows the
source and the recipient to keep track of
the packets that have been sent.
The header error check, HEC, is used to
check the integrity and accuracy of the
header during each packet transaction.
Payload

The payload , which follows the header,

can range from 0 to 2,745 b, and contains
the actual data of interest. With a packet
capable of being sent during every 625
micro second time slot, a maximum bit
rate of 723.2 kb/s can be achieved for an
ACL, and 64 kb/s can be achieved for an
ACL, and 64 kb/s for an SCO.
BLUETOOTH
ARCHITECTURE
 The general structure of a Bluetooth system consists of a
microprocessor that handles all the baseband
specifications.
 At the highest architecture level, lies the different
communication and data information protocols that can
communicate over the Bluetooth link, including wireless
application protocol (WAP), user datagram protocol
(UDP), transport control protocol (TCP), internet
protocol (IP), and point-to-point protocol (PPP). While
all of these are standalone communication protocols, they
can be adapted for transmission over a Bluetooth link. To
support these different types of communication protocols,
the Bluetooth system architecture must be capable of
differentiating and converting data associated with these
protocols into data packets that the Bluetooth baseband
controller and RF transceiver can send.
 One of the protocols that is responsible for this
adaptation is RFCOMM, which emulates a serial port
and can be used by applications that use the serial ports
on a Bluetooth device. RFCOMM can take the data
from some of the higher level protocols and adapt it so
it can be sent down to the baseband and converted into
Bluetooth data packets and subsequently sent over a
Bluetooth link.
 Below RFCOMM lies the logical link control and
adaptation protocol (L2CAP) that further supports the
adaptation of other communication protocols, such as
telephony control specification binary (TCS-binary) and
the Bluetooth-established service discovery protocol
(SDP), as well as performing the multiplexing between
all incoming upper-level protocols (RFCOMM, TCS,
SDP). It is also responsible for the segmentation of
outgoing data packets. L2CAP is also responsible for
the reassembly of received data packets, which are
subsequently sent to one of the higher-level protocols
designated to receive this data.
 Once the original data has been segmented by
L2CAP into subsequent L2CAP packets, the packets
are then sent to the host controller interface (HCI),
which is responsible for sending data to and receiving
data from the lower level Bluetooth hardware
(baseband controller) through a physical bus (USB,
RS232, PCI), HCI further alters the L2CAP packets so
that the data may be transported over one of the
physical buses. This data is received by the link
manager and baseband controller that assemble it into
packets that are communicable using a Bluetooth link.
 At the lowest level lie the link manager and baseband
controller. The baseband controller performs all low
level processing, such as Bluetooth packet
composition for transmission and packet
decomposition upon reception. Running on the
baseband controller is firmware implementing the link
manager protocol, which handles link control, is
responsible for placing the device in low power states,
and performs any encryption of the data transmitted.
ADVANTAGES
 Low complexity
• Low power: battery powered
• Low cost: about $5
• Bluetooth can handle data and voice simultaneously.
• Bluetooth is an open standard for wireless connectivity
with supporters mostly from the PC and cell phone
industries. Its primary market is for data and voice
transfer between communication devices and PCs.
• It is capable of supporting one asynchronous data
channel and up to three synchronous voice channels,
or one channel for both voice and data. This capability
combined with ad hoc device connection and
automatic service discovery make it a superior
solution for mobile devices and Internet applications.
LIMITATIONS

The main drawback of Bluetooth is its

limited connection distance and less
transmission speeds.
It supports data rates up to 780kb/s which
may be used for unidirectional data
transfer. It is perfectly adequate for file
transfer and printing applications.
APPLICATIONS
PC and peripheral networking
hidden computing
data synchronization for address books and
calendars
home networking and home appliances such as
heating systems and entertainment devices.
Asynchronous data channel and up to three
synchronous voice channels, or one channel for
both voice and data. This capability combined with
ad hoc device connection and automatic service
discovery make it a superior solution for mobile
devices and Internet applications.
conclusion
With its relatively low implementation costs, Bluetooth
technology seems destined to dominate the electronic
landscape, as humans worldwide will be able to form
personal area networks with devices and completely
simplify the way in which they interact with electronic tools
and each other.

Inthe years to come, Bluetooth will become a worldwide

connectivity among electronic devices, leading to
applications unthinkable by today’s technological standards.
Because the radio frequency used is globally available,
Bluetooth can offer fast and secure connectivity all over the
world.
REFERENCES

 http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/bluetooth.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
 http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/whatis.asp
 WirelessCommunications Principles And Practice By
Theodore S Rappaport
Thank you!!!