Subject:- Global Positioning System

(GPS)

Guided By:-Samir Thakkar

Prepared By:-Raj Bhinde
What Is GPS?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility
that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing
(PNT) services. This system consists of three segments:-

 The space segment

 The control segment

 The user segment

The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the

space and control segments.
History
The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio
navigation systems, such as LORAN and the Decca
Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War
II. In 1956 FriedwardtWinterberg proposed a test of general
relativity using accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit in artificial
satellites. To achieve accuracy requirements, GPS uses principles of
general relativity to correct the satellites' atomic clocks. Additional
inspiration for GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the first
man-made satellite, Sputnik in 1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by
Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio
transmissions. They discovered that, because of the Doppler effect,
the frequency of the signal being transmitted by Sputnik was higher
as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away from
them. They realized that since they knew their exact location on the
globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by
measuring the Doppler distortion.
How GPS Works?
 The space segment consists of a nominal constellation of 24
operating satellites that transmit one-way signals that give the
current GPS satellite position and time.

 The control segment consists of worldwide monitor and control

stations that maintain the satellites in their proper orbits through
occasional command maneuvers, and adjust the satellite clocks. It
tracks the GPS satellites, uploads updated navigational data, and
maintains health and status of the satellite constellation.

 The user segment consists of the GPS receiver equipment, which

receives the signals from the GPS satellites and uses the transmitted
information to calculate the user’s three-dimensional position and
time.
Graphical Representation
GPS Modules
 Search Places
 Get Directions
 My Location
 Latitude
 Saved Places
 Map View
 Satellite View
Map View Satellite View
Applications
 Roads & Highways
 Spaces
 Aviation
 Agriculture
 Marine
 Rail
 Surveying & Mapping
Roads & Highways
It is estimated that delays from congestion on highways, streets, and transit
systems throughout the world result in productivity losses in the hundreds of
billions of dollars annually. Other negative effects of congestion include property
damage, personal injuries, increased air pollution, and inefficient fuel
consumption.
The availability and accuracy of the Global Positioning System (GPS) offers
increased efficiencies and safety for vehicles using highways, streets, and mass
transit systems. Many of the problems associated with the routing and dispatch of
commercial vehicles is significantly reduced or eliminated with the help of GPS.
This is also true for the management of mass transit systems, road maintenance
crews, and emergency vehicles,
GPS enables automatic vehicle location and in-vehicle navigation systems that are
widely used throughout the world today. By combining GPS position technology
with systems that can display geographic information or with systems that can
automatically transmit data to display screens or computers, a new dimension in
surface transportation is realized
 Spaces
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is revolutionizing and revitalizing the way nations
operate in space, from guidance systems for crewed vehicles to the management,
tracking, and control of communication satellite constellations, to monitoring the Earth
from space. Benefits of using GPS include:

Jason-1 Ocean Surface Topography Mission (includes a GPS receiver and a laser
reflectometer for high precision orbit determination)
•Navigation solutions -- providing high precision orbit determination, and minimum
ground control crews, with existing space-qualified GPS units.
•Attitude solutions -- replacing high cost on-board attitude sensors with low-cost
multiple GPS antennae and specialized algorithms.
•Timing solutions -- replacing expensive spacecraft atomic clocks with low-cost, precise
time GPS receivers.
•Constellation control -- providing single point-of-contact to control for the orbit
maintenance of large numbers of space vehicles such as telecommunication satellites.
•Formation flying -- allowing precision satellite formations with minimal intervention
from ground crews.
•Virtual platforms -- providing automatic "station-keeping" and relative position services
for advanced science tracking maneuvers such as interferometry.
•Launch vehicle tracking -- replacing or augmenting tracking radars with higher
precision, lower-cost GPS units for range safety and autonomous flight termination.
Aviation
 Aviators throughout the world use the Global Positioning
System (GPS) to increase the safety and efficiency of flight.
With its accurate, continuous, and global capabilities, GPS
offers seamless satellite navigation services that satisfy many
of the requirements for aviation users. Space-based position
and navigation enables three-dimensional position
determination for all phases of flight from departure, en route,
and arrival, to airport surface navigation.
Agriculture
 The development and implementation of precision agriculture or site-
specific farming has been made possible by combining the Global
Positioning System (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS).
These technologies enable the coupling of real-time data collection
with accurate position information, leading to the efficient
manipulation and analysis of large amounts of geospatial data. GPS-
based applications in precision farming are being used for farm
planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop
scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping. GPS allows
farmers to work during low visibility field conditions such as rain,
dust, fog, and darkness.
Marine
The Global Positioning System (GPS) has changed the way the
world operates. This is especially true for marine operations,
including search and rescue. GPS provides the fastest and most
accurate method for mariners to navigate, measure speed, and
determine location. This enables increased levels of safety and
efficiency for mariners worldwide.It is important in marine navigation
for the ship's officer to know the vessel's position while in open sea
and also in congested harbors and waterways. While at sea, accurate
position, speed, and heading are needed to ensure the vessel reaches
its destination in the safest, most economical and timely fashion that
conditions will permit. The need for accurate position information
becomes even more critical as the vessel departs from or arrives in
port. Vessel traffic and other waterway hazards make maneuvering
more difficult, and the risk of accidents becomes greater.
Rail
Rail systems in many parts of the world use the Global
Positioning System (GPS) in combination with various sensors,
computers, and communication systems to improve safety, security,
and operational effectiveness. These technologies help to reduce
accidents, delays, operating costs, and dangerous emissions, while
increasing track capacity, customer satisfaction, and cost
effectiveness. Integral to the efficient operation of rail systems is the
requirement for accurate, real-time position information of
locomotives, rail cars, maintenance-of-way vehicles, and wayside
equipment.
Surveying & Mapping
As technology evolves and expands throughout the world, the surveying
and mapping community is steadily redefining the tools required to
increase productivity and obtain highly accurate data . Using the near
pinpoint accuracy provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) with
ground augmentations, highly accurate surveying and mapping results
can be rapidly obtained, thereby significantly reducing the amount of
equipment and labor hours that are normally required of other
conventional surveying and mapping techniques. Today it is possible for a
single surveyor to accomplish in one day what used to take weeks with an
entire team. GPS is unaffected by rain, wind, or reduced sunlight, and is
rapidly being adopted by professional surveyors and mapping personnel
throughout the world.GPS provides accurate three-dimensional
positioning information for natural and artificial features that can be
displayed on maps and models of everything in the world - mountains,
rivers, forests, endangered animals, precious minerals and many other
resources. GPS position information for these features serves as a prime
input to geographic information systems (GIS), that assemble, store,
manipulate, and display geographically referenced information.
GPS Devices
 GPS Receiver
 Cell Phones
 Other Uses
Limitations
 Some times it can’t give accurate place because
of any technical problem.
 Terrorists can misuse it.
 Weak GPS signals.
Conclusion
GPS technology is useful as well as harmful for
humanity. It can give us place accuracy with timing at any
time any where. It can be a ground , space or Sea.
Any Questions???
Thank You