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Lecture 5

This document defines equations and provides examples of solving different types of equations. It discusses: - Definitions of an equation and examples of solving for distance, rate, and time. - Techniques for solving equations like adding/subtracting the same expression to both sides. - An example of an equation with no solutions due to division by zero. - Formulas and examples for simple interest and quadratic equations. - Methods like factoring, using the quadratic formula, and isolating radicals to solve equations.

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42 views23 pages

Lecture 5

This document defines equations and provides examples of solving different types of equations. It discusses: - Definitions of an equation and examples of solving for distance, rate, and time. - Techniques for solving equations like adding/subtracting the same expression to both sides. - An example of an equation with no solutions due to division by zero. - Formulas and examples for simple interest and quadratic equations. - Methods like factoring, using the quadratic formula, and isolating radicals to solve equations.

Uploaded by

utp
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Equations

1
Definitions and Example
• An equation is a statement that two quantities or expressions are equal.
• Example: The equation d = rt says that distance = (rate)(time) for a moving object.
– If the rate r is (say) 45 mi/hr, then the equation becomes d = 45t ;
– To find how long it takes to travel 75 miles, we let d = 75 and solve the equation 75 =
45t .
– Dividing by 45 gives t = 1⅔ hours.

Steps to Solve an Equation

• Some techniques used to simplify an equation are…


– Adding the same expression to both sides;
– Subtracting the same expression from both sides;
– Multiply or divide both sides by a nonzero number.

2
An Equation With No Solutions

• We can apply similar steps to attempt to solve the equation


3x 6
 1 :
x2 x2

• Thus if the equation has a solution, then that


solution must be x = 2 .
• But using x = 2 in the original equation leads to
division by zero! So this equation has no solutions.
– We say that x = 2 is an extraneous solution.

3
Simple Interest
• Simple interest formula:
– If a sum of money P (the principal) is invested at a
simple interest rate r (expressed as a decimal),
then the simple interest I at the end of t years is
I = Prt.
• Table of sample cases:

4
Simple Interest Example
• An investment firm has $100,000 to invest for
a client and decides to invest it in two stocks,
A and B.
– The simple interest for A is 15%, but the client
does not wish to invest more than $50,000 in this
stock.
– The simple interest for B is 10%.

5
Example (cont’d)
Determine whether there is a way of
investing the money so that the annual
interest is
a) $12,000
b) $13,000

6
Example (cont’d)

7
Example (cont’d)

8
Example (cont’d)

9
Definition
• A quadratic equation in x is an equation that
can be written in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0 .
• Examples:
– 4x2 = 8 – 11x
– x(3 + x) = 5
– 4x = x2

10
Method of Factoring

1. If p and q are algebraic expressions, then pq = 0 if


and only if p = 0 or q = 0 .
2. So, if ax2 + bx + c can be written as a product of two
first-degree polynomials, then solution can be found by
setting each factor equal to zero.
• Solve the equation 3x2 = 10 – x .

11
Example
• Solve the equation x2 + 16 = 8x .

• Since x – 4 appears as a factor twice, we call 4


a double root or root of multiplicity 2 of this
equation. 12
Quadratic equation
• A quadratic equation in x is an equation that
can be written in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0 , where a ≠ 0 .
• Solve the equation 3x2 = 10 – x .

13
The Quadratic Formula

 b  b  4ac
2
x
2a

14
The Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation

• Refers to the number b2 – 4ac under the radical sign


in the quadratic formula.
• The discriminant tells the nature of the roots of the
equation:

15
Equation With More Than One Variable

16
Solution (cont’d)

17
Application Example
• A box with a square base and no top is to be
made from a square piece of tin by cutting out
a 3-inch square from each corner and folding
up the sides.
• If the box is to hold 48 in3 , what size piece of
tin should be used?

18
Diagrams
• We let x denote the unknown length of the
side of the piece of tin.
• Consequently, each side of the base of the box
will have length x – 3 – 3 , or x – 6 .

19
Solution

consequently
x  10 or x  2

20
Grouping
• If an equation is in factored form with zero on
one side, then we may obtain solutions by
setting each factor equal to zero:

21
Isolating a Radical

Check if both 1 and 8 are acceptable solutions? 22


Quiz I

Factor the polynomial: 8 x  64 y


3 3

Solve the equation : 3 x  x  3

23

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