Waste MGMT & Env Control
Waste MGMT & Env Control
Waste MGMT & Env Control
Environmental Control
Shawaluddin Tahiruddin
Yosri Mohd Siran
Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd
Plantations
Land use, land preparation and conservation,
water management
Chemicals usage herbicides, inorganic
fertilisers
Oil mills
Gaseous emissions boiler black smoke,
particulates, methane
Effluent discharge water pollution, odour
Scheduled wastes
Simplified Flow Diagram of a Palm
Oil Mill
Fresh Fruit
Sterilisation Steriliser
Bunches (FFB) Condensate
Shell
Kernel
Crude Palm Oil Extraction HC/CB
Waste
Palm Kernels
Palm oil mill wastes
Empty fruit bunches (EFB)
Fibre
Shell
Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Steriliser condensate
Centrifuge/Decanter waste (sludge)
Hydrocyclone/Claybath waste
Factory wash water, boiler blowdown
Scheduled wastes (?)
Characteristics of Palm Oil Mill
Effluent
Paramete Mean Range
r
pH 4.2 3.4 5.2
BOD 25000 10250 43750
COD 50000 16000 10000
TS 40500 11500 0
SS 18000 5000 78700
TVS 34000 9000 54000
Oil&Grease 6000 150 72000
AN 35 4 18000
TKN
All in ppm except pH 750 180 80
1400
POME generation rate
Typical waste generation
rate
Centrifuge waste - 0.40 t/tFFB
Steriliser condensate - 0.20 t/tFFB
Hydrocyclone/Claybat - 0.05 t/tFFB
h - ???? t/tFFB
Washing/blowdown
Population equivalent
20 tFFB/h @ - 100000 persons
16h/day - 1750000 persons
350 tFFB/h @
16h/day
Waste Management Hierarchy and
Options
Prevention
Raw Materials
Selection
Improved Operation
Conservation
Process Modification
Reutilisation
Treatment
Reduction
Neutralisation
Disposal
Surface Water
Incineration
Land Application
Land Fill
Prevention
Always the first option in waste
management
Development of new or modification of
existing processes
Raw material selection
Tighter operational control
Reutilisation within process
Possible cost saving exercise
Excess water
Oil spillage
Treatment
Objectives of treatment:
Reduction in volume of waste discharged
Reduction in polluting capacity of waste to
be discharged
Compliance with applicable
environmental legislations:
Environment Quality Act 1974
Environment Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude
Palm Oil) Regulations, 1977
Environment Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 1978
Watercourse discharge
standards
Standard Standard Standar Standard Standar Standar
Parameter A B dC D dE dF
1/7/78 1/7/79 1/7/80 1/7/81 1/7/82 1/7/84
BOD, mg/l 5,000 2,000 1,000 500 250 100
COD, mg/l 10,000 4,000 2,000 1,000 - -
Total Solids, mg/l 4,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 - -
Suspended Solids, 1,200 800 600 400 400 400
mg/l
Oil&Grease, mg/l 150 100 75 50 50 50
Ammoniacal 25 15 15 10 150* 150*
Nitrogen, mg/l
Total Nitrogen, mg/l 200 100 75 50 200* 200*
pH 5.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 5.0 5.0 9.0 5.0 5.0
9.0 9.0 9.0
Physical treatment
Chemical treatment
Biological treatment
Physical treatment
Screening Sedimentation
Distillation Ion exchange
Reverse osmosis Ultra filtration
Wet oxidation Activated carbon
Flotation Incineration
Chemical treatment
Precipitation
Flocculation
Neutralisation
Biological treatment
Anaerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion
Facultative digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
First phase
i. Insoluble Organic Matter Soluble Organic Matter
Hydrolysis (Monosacharides, Glucose,
Glycerol, Long Chain Fatty
By Enzymes Acids, Amino Acids, etc)
1 day Acidification
Ponds
50 days Anaerobic
Ponds
Land Application
30 days Facultative
Ponds
Sedimentation Pond
1 day
Raw Effluent
To Estate
Acidification Pond
1 day MLSS
Recycle
Water Pond
Aerobic Pond
To Estate 20 days
Sedimentation
Tank
Tank digesters
Tank B
Sand
filter
Tank C Tank D Final discharge
BOD <20ppm
GHBOD20 system
FFB
Oil palm Palm oil CPO
plantation mill Kernel
EFB
POME
Compostin
g plant Final
Discharge
Effluent
treatment
Digested POME plant