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Condenser IIT

1) Condensers play a key role in power plants by setting the minimum pressure in the Rankine cycle and allowing it to function as a true thermodynamic cycle. 2) As steam moves through a condenser, it mixes with non-condensable gases like air. This causes the partial pressure and temperature of the steam to decrease along the condenser length. 3) Controlling air leakage into the condenser is important to maintain efficient operation and minimize back pressure losses. Air removal pumps can help control condenser pressure.

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191 views17 pages

Condenser IIT

1) Condensers play a key role in power plants by setting the minimum pressure in the Rankine cycle and allowing it to function as a true thermodynamic cycle. 2) As steam moves through a condenser, it mixes with non-condensable gases like air. This causes the partial pressure and temperature of the steam to decrease along the condenser length. 3) Controlling air leakage into the condenser is important to maintain efficient operation and minimize back pressure losses. Air removal pumps can help control condenser pressure.

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purna
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Performance Analysis of Power Plant

Condensers

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

A Device Which makes Power Plant A True Cycle..


A Device Which set the limit on minimum cycle
pressure..
T-S Diagram : Rankine Cycle with FWHs.

pturbine ,exhaust
phood
pcond ,in pcond ,exit ?
TTD ?
TCW ,out TCW ,in
Two-Pass Surface Condenser
T-S Diagram : Rankine Cycle with FWHs.

pturbine,exhaust
phood

TTD ? pcond psat .steam ?

TCW ,out TCW ,in


Thermal Processes Occurring in Condensers
The condenser never receives pure seam from the turbine.
A mixture of steam and non-condensable gases (Air-steam
mixture) enters the condenser.
The ratio of the quantity of gas that enters the condenser to the
quantity of steam is called the relative air content.


m air

mc,s
The value of , depends on type, capacity, load and design dimensions
of the condenser plant.
Variation of Steam-air Mixture Parameters

m c , s m air
pc,in p pi ,steam Tsat
pc ,in p pi ,steam p pi ,air

pc,exit p pe,steam p pe,air


p pe,steam exit
p pe,air Tc ,exit Te,steam
Using Dalons Law: pc p s p a
Gas laws: pa v a m a RaTa & ps v s m s RsTs

Volumes and temperatures are same.


m a RaTa m s RsTs
v a v s
pa ps



pa R ma
a 0.622
ps Rs m
s

pc
ps
1 0.622
At the entry to condenser the relative content of air is very low and
partial pressure of steam is almost equal to condenser pressure.
As air-steam mixture moves in the condenser, steam is condensed
and the relative content of air increases.
Accordingly, the partial pressure of steam drops down.
The total pressure in the bottom portion of condenser is lower than
that of the top portion.
The pressure drop from inlet to exit of condenser is called steam
exhaust resistance of a condenser.

pc pc ,in pc ,exit
The partial pressure of air at the bottom of the condenser cannot be
neglected.
pc ,exit p pe,steam p pe,air

pc,in p pe,steam p pe,air pc


The temperature of steam is a function of condenser
pressure.
As the air-steam mixture moves through the
condenser and the steam is condensed, its
temperature decreases owing to decreasing partial
pressure of saturated steam.
This is due to increase in relative content of air in
the mixture.
The pressure also decreases due to resistance to
flow of steam.
The zone of intensive condensation.
The zone of cooling of air-steam mixture.
Variation of Steam Partial Pressure & Saturation Temperature

70

60

50 Saturation Temperature, 0C
Tcw,out
40

30 Tcw,in

20
Steam Partial Pressure, kPa
10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Inlet exit
Condenser with Air Removal Pump : A practicable
Concept

TCW ,in Tamb


TCW ,exit
pcondenser

psat ma

1 0.622 ms

Combined Condensation & Air Pumping Action:


m a : Slowly decreases & m s : Continuosly decreases to zero.
Can be controlled to a finite value.

Air Pumping Action Vs Condensing Action !!!


Effect of Air Leakage on Condenser Pressure
Inlet Condenser Pressure, mm of Hg

Air pump controlling the back pressure

Condenser controlling the back pressure

Air pump controlling the back pressure

Condenser controlling the back pressure

10 30 40 50
20
Cooling water Inlet Temperature
Power Loss Due to Excess Back Pressure

What is Techno-economically Viable value of TTD ?


Condensate Depression
The temperature of condensate is always a few degrees
lower than the coincident condensing steam
temperature.
Subcooling of condensate is undesirable on two accouts:
It lowers the thermodynamic efficiency of the power
cycle.
It enhances the propensity of the condensate to
reabsorb non-condensibles.

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