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Basic Programming Concepts

This document defines programming concepts and programming languages. It discusses that a computer program is a set of instructions given to a computer to perform tasks, and that a programming language allows humans to communicate with computers using words, symbols, and codes. It also describes the different levels and generations of programming languages, including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages like third generation languages like COBOL and BASIC, fourth generation languages like SQL, and fifth generation languages like Prolog.

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Sharon Chan
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712 views11 pages

Basic Programming Concepts

This document defines programming concepts and programming languages. It discusses that a computer program is a set of instructions given to a computer to perform tasks, and that a programming language allows humans to communicate with computers using words, symbols, and codes. It also describes the different levels and generations of programming languages, including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages like third generation languages like COBOL and BASIC, fourth generation languages like SQL, and fifth generation languages like Prolog.

Uploaded by

Sharon Chan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 5

PROGRAMMIN
G

5.1
Basic Programming Concepts
THE DEFINITION OF PROGRAM

A computer program is a set of instructions given


to the computer to perform any task.
THE DEFINITION OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
A programming language is a set of words,
symbols and codes that enables human to
communicate with computers.
Words (Dim, If, Then,
For, Next)

Dim number1 as Integer


Dim number2 as Integer
Symbol (=, +, -, *, /)
number1 = 10
number2 = 20
code
s If total = number1 + number2
Then
Print Excellent
Else
Print Please try again
End If
LEVELS AND GENERATIONS OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Low-level Programming Language


High-level programming Language
LEVELS AND GENERATIONS OF
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Low-level programming
languages

First Generation Second


Machine Generation
Language Assembly
Language
FIRST GENERATION:
(MACHINE LANGUAGE)
Language that computers can execute directly.
Instructions in this language are in the form of
binary digits 1s and 0s.
Examples : Machine Language

101000010011001101 Statement for adding two


numbers.
101000100011001101 Statement for subtracting
two numbers.
SECOND GENERATION
(ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE):
Uses symbolic instructions (mnemonics) to
represent the instructions in the programs.
Examples : AUTOCODER, SAP and SPS

ADD R1 R2 Adds two numbers stored in registers


R1 and R2.
SUB R1 R2 Is the instruction to subtract two
numbers stored in the registers R1 and R2.
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

High-level
programming
languages

Third Forth Fifth


Generation Generation Generation
COBOL, BASIC, SQL, Prolog and
C, ADA NOMAD, Mercury
FOCUS,
Intellect
THIRD GENERATION
Uses a series of English words and mathematical
symbols for writing programs to write
instructions.
Example: COBOL, BASIC, C and ADA
FORTH GENERATION
A very high-level programming language
Non-procedural language enables users to access
data in a database.
Example: SQL
FIFTH GENERATION
Visual programming language (natural
language).
Provides a visual or graphical interface, called a
visual programming environment, for creating
source codes.
Example: Prolog and Mercury

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