Lec 6,7 Biological Macromolecules

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Lec 6,7 - Biological

Macromolecules
1) Introduction & basic
terminologies
2) Carbohydrate
3) Protein
4) Lipid
5) Nucleic Acid

1
Introduction/ at a glance
Living
Systems

Carbon Inorganic
Organic And the
containin compoun
compounds ds rest!
g!

Assembling Macromolecule
into complex s
form
Carbohydrate
s

Lipids
Building Blocks
of living
Proteins
organism
Nucleic
Acids
Terminologies/Definitions
Macromolecule:
Small molecules assemble in different
orientation to make large molecule or
Macromolecules.
Example: Glucose molecules assemble to
make cellulose (a carbohydrate) .
glucose glucose glucose glucose
cellulose

glucose glucose glucose glucose

3
Terminologies/Definitions
Monomers are small molecules or building
blocks which may be joined together in a
repeating fashion to form more complex
molecules called polymers.
A polymer may be a natural or synthetic
macromolecule comprised of repeating
units of a smaller molecule (monomers).
glucose glucose glucose glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose glucose glucose glucose
Monomer
Polymer
4
Terminologies/Definitions
Polymerization is the linking together of monomers
to form polymers.
A condensation reaction occurs via the loss of a
small molecule, usually from two different
substances, resulting in the formation of a covalent
bond.

Need
the
Input of
energy
5
Terminologies/Definitions
Hydrolysis, which is the reverse of condensation, breaks
apart large organic molecules into smaller ones.
By breaking the bonds between monomers, Hydrolysis
liberates the energy that polymers contained during
condensation; thus, some of the energy required to
polymerize is returned upon hydrolysis.

Liberation of
energy

Try to link up with the context of Metabolism that weve learned earlier
6
Terminologies/Definitions
Carbohydr
ates
Glucose

Building Blocks/monomers
Macromole

Proteins
Amino acids
cules

Lipids
Fatty acid and
glycerol

Nucleic
Acids
Phosphate group (p),
Sugar, Bases
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CARBOHYDRATE
Common symbol: (CH2O)n
Most common is Glucose.
In glucose, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
makes a molecule of glucose in 1:2:1 ratio.
Chemical formula: C6H12O6. or (CH2O)6
Structural materials, storing and
transporting energy
Three types: monosaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

8
CARBOHYDRATE
Two monosaccharide's will make disaccharide.
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose) (Table Sugar)
Lactose (glucose+galactose) (Milk
Sugar)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
(Barley/germinating seeds)

olysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharide units bound together

9
Starch and
Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

Starch is Different Partly


energy bond formed derived from
storage than starch non-sugars
molecule in Structural (nitrogen)
plants component Composes
Glycogen is in plants exoskeletons
energy Cannot be of insects
storage digested by
molecule in animals
animals.
Starch and
glycogen can
be digested
by animals.
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Functions of
1) Carbohydrates
Providing energy and regulation

2) Sparing the use of proteins for energy

3) Preventing ketosis and breakdown of fatty acids


and

4) Biological recognition processes

5) Flavor and Sweeteners

6) Dietary fiber, which is also a form of


carbohydrate, is essential for the elimination of
waste materials and toxins from the body
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PROTEINS
Most diverse in both structure and function
Proteins are the polymers of amino acids
Thousands of different kinds of proteins
are made from only twenty monomers,
called amino acids.

Monomer Polymer
13
Amino Acids: Building Block of
Proteins
Contains an amine group (NH3) (basic/positive)
A carboxyl group (COOH) (acidic/negative)
One or more atoms called an R group
All three groups are attached to the same carbon
atom
Amino Acids: Building Block of
Proteins
Amino acids are divided into two groups-
Essential: must be supplied in the
diet.
Non-essential: not supplied in the
diet.
Amino acids are bonded together by
peptide bonds to form protein.

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Peptide Bonds
The bond that forms between two amino acids is called a
peptide bond.

16
Levels of protein structure
1) Primary structure: The linear arrangement of
amino acids in a protein

2) Secondary structure: Areas of folding or coiling


within a protein. e.g. -helices and -pleated sheets

3) Tertiary structure: Final three-dimensional


structure of a protein, which results from a large
number of non-covalent interactions between amino
acids.

4) Quaternary structure: Non-covalent interactions


that bind multiple polypeptides into a single, larger
protein. e.g. Hemoglobin
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Levels of protein structure

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Main functions of
1)
proteins
Protein's main function is to build, maintain and repair all our
body tissues
2) Protein can also be used as energy source by body

Biological functions of
1) Protein acts as storageproteins
material of food and energy.
2) Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions
3) Proteins are molecular instrument through which genetic
information is expressed.
4) They act as antibodies to prevent disease.
5) The milk proteins help the growth of infant mammals.

For detail functions see the notes underneath


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Lipids
Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Differ from carbohydrates: no specific ratio (C:H:O)
Building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol.
Energy storage molecules stores the most energy
2X of Carbohydrates
Structurally heterogeneous, Not soluble in water
Are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.

Examples: 1. Fats 2. Oils 3.


Phospholipids
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4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones
Synthesis of
triglycerides

Glycerol
Fatty acids
Can be saturated/unsaturated

Relate with the melting points and


physical states.. 21
Fats
Fats are solid at ordinary temperatures. Generally, fats
are produced by animals. In animals, fats are stored in
adipose cells. Fats are also important as cushions for
body organs and as an insulating layer beneath skin.

Oils
Oils are liquid at ordinary temperatures. Generally, oils
are produced by plants. Some common vegetable oils are
peanut, soybean, and corn oil.

Waxes
Both plants and animals produce waxes. The waxy
coating on some plants leaves is an example of plant
waxes. Beeswax is an example of a wax produced by an
animal. FA in this context.
Recall the saturated and unsaturated
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Phospholipids
Phospholipids are a variation on the triacylglycerol
theme in which
One fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group,
which in turn is bound to additional functional groups .
Structurally and functionally, the important thing about
phospholipids is that
These molecules are simultaneously hydrophobic (at
one end, the fatty acid end) and hydrophilic
(at the other end, the phosphate end). Amphiphile

23
Recall the cell membrane in this context
Here it goeslets think latera

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Steroids
All steroids possess a common ring structure.
These ring structures vary by attached functional
groups.
Cholesterol is example of a steroid; cholesterol is
a membrane component
The common steroid structure is the
basis of sterol hormones including the
human sex hormones
(the estrogens and the
androgens, including
testosterone).

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Nutrition and Health
Most of the lipid found in food is in the form of
triacylglycerols, cholesterol and phospholipids
A minimum amount of dietary fat is necessary to
facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E
and K) and carotenoids
Essential Fatty Acids

Trans Fat

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The fat guidelines
Limit total fat intake to less than 2535% of your
total calories each day;
Limit saturated fat intake to less than 7% of total
daily calories;
Limit trans fat intake to less than 1% of total daily
calories;
The remaining fat should come from sources of
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats such as
nuts, seeds, fish and vegetable oils; and
Limit cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg per day,
for most people

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Nucleic Acids
The chemical link between generations

The source of genetic information in


chromosomes
Dictate amino-acid sequence in proteins

Simple units called nucleotides,


connected in long chains
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains
of nucleotides linked by dehydration
synthesis 28
Nucleic Acids
Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)

Nucleotides have 3 parts:

1- phosphate group (P)

2- pentose sugar (5-carbon)

3- nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)

thymine (T) DNA only

uracil (U) RNA only

cytosine (C) 29
Nucleic Acids
The secondary structure is similar to the
proteins
The concentration of adenine equals that of
thymine
The concentration of guanine equals that of
cytosine

Why?

30
Cells Genes

Chromosomes DNA

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DNA RNA

Structural Name: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid


Function: Medium of long-term Transfer the genetic
storage and code needed for the
transmission of genetic creation of proteins from
information the nucleus to the
ribosome. Without RNA,
proteins could never be
made.
Structure: Typically a double- A single-stranded
stranded molecule with molecule in most of its
a long chain of biological roles and has
nucleotides. a shorter chain of
nucleotides.
Bases/Sugars: Long polymer with a Shorter polymer with a
deoxyribose and ribose and phosphate
phosphate backbone backbone and four
and four different bases: different bases: adenine,
adenine, guanine, guanine, cytosine, and
cytosine and thymine. uracil.
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Base Pairing: A-T (Adenine-Thymine), A-U (Adenine-Uracil), G-

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