Lec 6,7 Biological Macromolecules
Lec 6,7 Biological Macromolecules
Lec 6,7 Biological Macromolecules
Macromolecules
1) Introduction & basic
terminologies
2) Carbohydrate
3) Protein
4) Lipid
5) Nucleic Acid
1
Introduction/ at a glance
Living
Systems
Carbon Inorganic
Organic And the
containin compoun
compounds ds rest!
g!
Assembling Macromolecule
into complex s
form
Carbohydrate
s
Lipids
Building Blocks
of living
Proteins
organism
Nucleic
Acids
Terminologies/Definitions
Macromolecule:
Small molecules assemble in different
orientation to make large molecule or
Macromolecules.
Example: Glucose molecules assemble to
make cellulose (a carbohydrate) .
glucose glucose glucose glucose
cellulose
3
Terminologies/Definitions
Monomers are small molecules or building
blocks which may be joined together in a
repeating fashion to form more complex
molecules called polymers.
A polymer may be a natural or synthetic
macromolecule comprised of repeating
units of a smaller molecule (monomers).
glucose glucose glucose glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose glucose glucose glucose
Monomer
Polymer
4
Terminologies/Definitions
Polymerization is the linking together of monomers
to form polymers.
A condensation reaction occurs via the loss of a
small molecule, usually from two different
substances, resulting in the formation of a covalent
bond.
Need
the
Input of
energy
5
Terminologies/Definitions
Hydrolysis, which is the reverse of condensation, breaks
apart large organic molecules into smaller ones.
By breaking the bonds between monomers, Hydrolysis
liberates the energy that polymers contained during
condensation; thus, some of the energy required to
polymerize is returned upon hydrolysis.
Liberation of
energy
Try to link up with the context of Metabolism that weve learned earlier
6
Terminologies/Definitions
Carbohydr
ates
Glucose
Building Blocks/monomers
Macromole
Proteins
Amino acids
cules
Lipids
Fatty acid and
glycerol
Nucleic
Acids
Phosphate group (p),
Sugar, Bases
7
CARBOHYDRATE
Common symbol: (CH2O)n
Most common is Glucose.
In glucose, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
makes a molecule of glucose in 1:2:1 ratio.
Chemical formula: C6H12O6. or (CH2O)6
Structural materials, storing and
transporting energy
Three types: monosaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
8
CARBOHYDRATE
Two monosaccharide's will make disaccharide.
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose) (Table Sugar)
Lactose (glucose+galactose) (Milk
Sugar)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
(Barley/germinating seeds)
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Starch and
Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
Monomer Polymer
13
Amino Acids: Building Block of
Proteins
Contains an amine group (NH3) (basic/positive)
A carboxyl group (COOH) (acidic/negative)
One or more atoms called an R group
All three groups are attached to the same carbon
atom
Amino Acids: Building Block of
Proteins
Amino acids are divided into two groups-
Essential: must be supplied in the
diet.
Non-essential: not supplied in the
diet.
Amino acids are bonded together by
peptide bonds to form protein.
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Peptide Bonds
The bond that forms between two amino acids is called a
peptide bond.
16
Levels of protein structure
1) Primary structure: The linear arrangement of
amino acids in a protein
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Main functions of
1)
proteins
Protein's main function is to build, maintain and repair all our
body tissues
2) Protein can also be used as energy source by body
Biological functions of
1) Protein acts as storageproteins
material of food and energy.
2) Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions
3) Proteins are molecular instrument through which genetic
information is expressed.
4) They act as antibodies to prevent disease.
5) The milk proteins help the growth of infant mammals.
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Can be saturated/unsaturated
Oils
Oils are liquid at ordinary temperatures. Generally, oils
are produced by plants. Some common vegetable oils are
peanut, soybean, and corn oil.
Waxes
Both plants and animals produce waxes. The waxy
coating on some plants leaves is an example of plant
waxes. Beeswax is an example of a wax produced by an
animal. FA in this context.
Recall the saturated and unsaturated
22
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are a variation on the triacylglycerol
theme in which
One fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group,
which in turn is bound to additional functional groups .
Structurally and functionally, the important thing about
phospholipids is that
These molecules are simultaneously hydrophobic (at
one end, the fatty acid end) and hydrophilic
(at the other end, the phosphate end). Amphiphile
23
Recall the cell membrane in this context
Here it goeslets think latera
24
Steroids
All steroids possess a common ring structure.
These ring structures vary by attached functional
groups.
Cholesterol is example of a steroid; cholesterol is
a membrane component
The common steroid structure is the
basis of sterol hormones including the
human sex hormones
(the estrogens and the
androgens, including
testosterone).
25
Nutrition and Health
Most of the lipid found in food is in the form of
triacylglycerols, cholesterol and phospholipids
A minimum amount of dietary fat is necessary to
facilitate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E
and K) and carotenoids
Essential Fatty Acids
Trans Fat
26
The fat guidelines
Limit total fat intake to less than 2535% of your
total calories each day;
Limit saturated fat intake to less than 7% of total
daily calories;
Limit trans fat intake to less than 1% of total daily
calories;
The remaining fat should come from sources of
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats such as
nuts, seeds, fish and vegetable oils; and
Limit cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg per day,
for most people
27
Nucleic Acids
The chemical link between generations
3- nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
cytosine (C) 29
Nucleic Acids
The secondary structure is similar to the
proteins
The concentration of adenine equals that of
thymine
The concentration of guanine equals that of
cytosine
Why?
30
Cells Genes
Chromosomes DNA
31
DNA RNA