Hydraulic Pumps: BY Abeesh Kiran A M-Tech Design and Precision Engineering Nitk Surathkal, Karnataka

HYDRAULIC PUMPS
BY
ABEESH KIRAN A
M-TECH DESIGN AND PRECISION ENGINEERING
NITK SURATHKAL, KARNATAKA
What is a pump?
Pump is defined as a mechanical device that rotates or
reciprocates to move fluid from one place to another.
It converts Prime mover energy in to mechanical

energy , then mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy ( flow, pressure ).
Need Of a Pump
Used to pump a liquid from lower pressure area to a
High pressure area.
To increase Flow rate.
To move liquid from lower elevation to higher

elevation.
Different types of pump
Pumps
Hydrostatic or
positive Hydro
displacement Dynamic
pump
Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial

Hydrostatic or
Positive Displacement Pump
Working Principle:
A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by
trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that
trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding

cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the
discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity
on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the
discharge as the cavity collapses
For each pump revolution
Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end
Positively discharged at other end
a specific amount of fluid passes through the pump for each rotation
If pipe blocked
Pressure rises
Can damage pump
In order to avoid this happening, Relief valve is required
Used for pumping fluids other than water

Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid
by a reciprocating piston, or by rotating members.
Uses:
can handle shear sensitive liquid.
Use for high pressure application
Use for variable viscosity applications.
Different Types
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Rotary pump
Different Types Of Positive
Displacement Pump
Positive
Displacement
Pump
Rotary Reciprocating
Diaphrag Plunge
Piston
m r
Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane peristaltic

pump pump pump pump pump pump
Reciprocating Positive
Displacement Pumps
Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more
oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms),
while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.
Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one
cylinder, to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more.
Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two)
or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be either single-
acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and
discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and
discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered
manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine.
Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pumps
1.Piston pump
A piston pump is a type of positive displacement pump
where the high-pressure seal reciprocates with the piston.
Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or compress gases.
Types
1.1 Lift pump
1.2 Force pump
1.3 Axial piston pump
1.4 Radial piston pump
1.1 Lift pump
In a lift pump, the upstroke of the
piston draws water, through a valve,
into the lower part of the cylinder. On
the down stroke, water passes through
valves, set in the piston, into the upper
part of the cylinder. On the next
upstroke, water is discharged from the
upper part of the cylinder via a spout.
1.2 Force pump
In a force pump, the upstroke of
the piston draws water, through a
valve, into the cylinder. On the
down stroke, the water is
discharged, through a valve, into
the outlet pipe. And this has the
same mode of application as a lift
pump.
1.3 Axial Piston Pump
An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump that
has a number of pistons arranged in a circular array within
a housing which is commonly referred to as a cylinder
block, rotor or barrel. This cylinder block is driven to rotate
about its axis of symmetry by an integral shaft that is, more or
less, aligned with the pumping pistons (usually parallel but not
necessarily).
ADVANTAGES
high efficiency
high pressure
low noise level
very high load at lowest speed due to the hydrostatically balanced parts
possible
high reliability
DISADVANTAGES
Piston pumps cost more per unit to run compared to centrifugal and roller
pumps.
The mechanical parts are prone to wear , so the maintenance costs can be high.
Piston pumps are heavy due to their large
COMPATIBILITY
Due to the hydrostatically balanced parts it is possible to use the pump with
various hydraulic fluids like
Mineral oil
Biodegradable oil
HFA (oil in water)
HFC (water-glycol)
HFD (synthetic ester) or cutting emulsion
APPLICATION
automotive sector (e.g., automatic transmission, hydraulic suspension control in upper-
class cars)
hydraulic systems of jet aircraft, being gear-driven off of the turbine engine's main shaft
A radial piston pump is a
form of hydraulic pump. The
working pistons extend in a
radial direction symmetrically
around the drive shaft, in
contrast to the axial piston
pump.
The stroke of each piston is
caused by an eccentric drive shaft
or an external eccentric tappet.
When filling the workspace of
the pumping pistons from
"inside" (e.g., over a hollow
shaft) it is called an inside
impinged radial piston pump. If
the workspace is filled from
"outside" it's called an outside Outside impinged radial piston pump
impinged radial piston pump.
ADVANTAGES
high efficiency
high pressure (up to 1,000 bar)
low flow and pressure ripple (due to the
small dead volume in the workspace of
the pumping piston)
low noise level
very high load at lowest speed due to
the hydrostatically balanced parts
possible
no axial internal forces at the drive
Inside impinged radial piston pump
shaft bearing
high reliability
DISADVANTAGES
A disadvantage are the bigger radial dimensions in comparison to the axial
piston pump, but it could be compensated with the shorter construction in axial
direction.
COMPATIBILITY
Due to the hydrostatically balanced parts it is possible to use the pump with
various hydraulic fluids like
Mineral oil
Biodegradable oil
HFA (oil in water)
HFC (water-glycol)
HFD (synthetic ester) or cutting emulsion.
APPLICATIONS
Radial piston pumps are used in applications that involve high pressures (operating
pressures above 400 bar and up to 700 bar), such as presses, machines for processing
plastic and machine tools that clamp hydraulics. Radial piston pumps are the only pumps
capable of working satisfactorily at such high pressures, even under continuous operation
machine tools (e.g., displace of cutting emulsion, supply for hydraulic equipment like
cylinders)
high pressure units (HPU) (e.g., for overload protection of presses)
test rigs
automotive sector (e.g., automatic transmission, hydraulic suspension control in upper-
class cars)
plastic- and powder injection molding
wind energy
Oil industry
2.Diaphragm Pump
A diaphragm pump (also known as
a Membrane pump, Air Operated
Double Diaphragm Pump (AODD)
or Pneumatic Diaphragm Pump) is
a positive displacement pump that uses
a combination of the reciprocating
action of a rubber, thermoplastic
or Teflon diaphragm and suitable
valves on either side of the diaphragm
(check valve, butterfly valves, flap
valves, or any other form of shut-off
valves) to pump a fluid.
2.Diaphragm Pump
WORKING
Suction stroke
To fill the pump cavity, positive
suction head (inlet pressure) is required.
When inlet valve A is lifted by the
pressure of the suction head, the slurry
completely fills the pump cavity. The
diaphragm returns to its normal convex
position and the air exhausts. Discharge
valve B, seated by line pressure, prevents
slurry from returning to the pump cavity.
2.Diaphragm Pump
WORKING
Discharge stroke
Compressed air is admitted to the
chamber above the diaphragm. The
diaphragm descends, gradually
increasing the pressure in the pump
cavity. This in turn closes inlet
valve A and causes discharge valve B to
open when the line pressure is exceeded.
Further movement of the diaphragm
displaces the slurry from the pump
cavity.
2.Diaphragm Pump
ADVANTAGES
have good suction lift characteristics. They can handle sludge and slurries with a
relatively high amount of grit and solid content.
Used for low pressure application like removing water from trenches
have good dry running characteristics.
can be used to make artificial hearts.
are used to make air pumps for the filters on small fish tanks.
can be up to 97% efficient.
have good self priming capabilities.
can handle highly viscous liquids.
Can handle tough corrosives, abrasives, temperatures to 200F and slurries
containing up to 75% solids.
2.Diaphragm Pump
DISADVANTAGES
Most air diaphragm pumps require around 20 standard cubic-feet per
minute and 100 psi of air intake to operate efficiently.
Also, these types of pumps tend not to pump very accurately at their bottom
end. A functioning air diaphragm pump pulsates, and a dampener must be
fitted onto the pump to reduce pulsing.
2.Diaphragm Pump
COMPATIBILITY
Delicate crystal slurries
Highly concentrated and unusually viscous slurries
Highly abrasive slurries
Highly corrosive slurries
Very large solids in slurries
Extremely volatile slurries
Delicate and unstable slurries
Air-entrained slurries
Shear-sensitive slurries
2.Diaphragm Pump
APPLICATIONS
For drum and small tank transfer, pickling solutions, chemical feed.
Filter press, tank cleaning systems, pigments and resins.
Paints, latex, ceramic slip, slurries, polymers, tank car fill and empty, foods.
Handling optical lens grinding rouges, waste glass slurries and cutting slurries.
Ship cleaning, dewatering holds, bilges, coffer dams, fire-fighting, sewage from holding tanks,
offshore drilling, sand blast slurries.
Mill scale, pickling tank chemicals, foundry sand slurries, palm oils, cutting oils. Dewatering
mines and construction sites, caissons, tunnels.
Transfer of frits, enamels, solvents, latex, pigments, additives, inhibitors, resins, dryers.
Decanting and emptying of acid and alkaline bath solutions, pumping of heavy contaminated
sewage and slurries.
3.Plunger pump
A plunger pump is a type of positive
displacement pump where the high-
pressure seal is stationary and a smooth
cylindrical plunger slides through the
seal. This makes them different
from piston pumps and allows them to be
used at higher pressures. This type of
pump is often used to transfer municipal
and industrial sewage.
3.Plunger pump
ADVANTAGES
Plunger pumps are used in applications that could range from 70
to 2,070 bar (1,000 to 30,000 psi)
Pressure and flow rate changes have little effect on performance.
Pressure can be controlled without affecting flow rate.
Wide pressure range - can achieve very high pressures
Have high efficiency
Capable of developing very high pressures.
Low and easy maintenance
3.Plunger pump APPLICATIONS
DISADVANTAGES Raw and Digested sewage
Pulsating flow sludge
Typically only handles lower flow Industrial and chemical waste
rates and slurries
Lime putty and slurries
Typically heavy and bulky
Pulp and paper stock
High operating and maintenance costs. Settled oil solids
not be compatible for use with highly
acidic fluids
Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
The working of all the rotary type positive displacement pumps
are based on the same principle, i.e pumping of the liquid with the
help of rotating elements. The rotating elements can be gears,
screws, vanes or cam, etc.
The different types are
1. Gear pump
2. Lobe pump
3. Screw pump
4. Cam pump
5. Vane pump
6. Peristaltic pump
1.Gear pump
A gear pump uses the meshing and De-meshing of gears to
pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the most common
types of pump for hydraulic fluid power applications. There are
two types of gear pumps, they are
1.1 External gear pump

1.2 Internal gear pump
1.1 External Gear pump
External gear pump uses
two identical gears rotating
against each other. one gear is
driven by a motor and it in
turn drives the other gear.
Each gear is supported by a
shaft with bearings on both
sides of the gear.
As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding
volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into
the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.
Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the
pockets between the teeth and the casing -- it does not
pass between the gears.
Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the
outlet port under pressure.
1.1External Gear pump
ADVANTAGES
High speed
High pressure
No overhung bearing loads
Relatively quiet operation
Design accommodates wide variety of material
Low weight
Relatively high working pressures
Wide range of speeds
Wide temperature and viscosity range (i.e. flexibility)
Low cost
DISADVANTAGES
Four bushings in liquid area
No solids allowed
Fixed End Clearances
APPLICATIONS
Various fuel oils and lube oils
Chemical additive and polymer metering
Chemical mixing and blending (double pump)
Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts,
etc.)
Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
Low volume transfer or application
Lubrication pumps in machine tools
Fluid power transfer units and oil pumps in engines
Internal gear pumps are
primarily used in non-mobile
hydraulics (e.g. machines for
plastics and machine tools,
presses, etc.) and in vehicles that
operate in an enclosed space
(electric fork-lifts, etc.). The
internal gear pump is
exceptionally versatile and also
capable of handling thick fluids .
Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor (large exterior gear) and
idler (small interior gear) teeth. The arrows indicate the direction of the
pump and liquid.
Liquid travels through the pump between the teeth of the "gear-within-a-
gear" principle. The crescent shape divides the liquid and acts as a seal
between the suction and discharge ports.
The pump head is now nearly flooded, just prior to forcing the liquid out of
the discharge port. Intermeshing gears of the idler and rotor form locked
pockets for the liquid which assures volume control.
Rotor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a seal equidistant from the
discharge and suction ports. This seal forces the liquid out of the discharge
port
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Usually requires moderate speeds
This pump can transport liquids of any viscosity
Medium pressure limitations
Can work at even high and low temperatures. One bearing runs in the product
Only two moving parts pumped
Can create strong vacuum Overhung load on shaft bearing
Can be used as self vacuum pump for air and gases
Non-pulsating discharge
Excellent for high-viscosity liquids
Good suction and NPSH
Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure
conditions
Operates well in either direction
Single adjustable end clearance
Easy to maintain
Flexible design offers application customization
APPLICATIONS
All varieties of fuel oil, Cooking oil and lube oil
Resins and Polymers
Alcohols and solvents
Asphalt, Bitumen, and Tar
Polyurethane foam (Isocyanate and polyol)
Food products such as corn syrup, chocolate, and peanut butter
Paint, inks, and pigments
Soaps and surfactants
Glycol
Plastics, oil soap liquid, phenol resin, formalin, polycarbonate resin, acrylics, liquid calcium,
inks, latex compounds, high viscosity adhesives, cleansers, hot melt, epoxy resin.
LPG, benzene, gasoline, alcohol, liquid Freon, heavy oils, coal tar, pitches, greases, asphalt,
Bitumen acid pitch.
2.Screw pump
A screw pump is a positive-
displacement pump that use one or
several screws to move fluids or solids
along the screw(s) axis. In its simplest
form the (Archimedes' screw pump), a
single screw rotates in a cylindrical
cavity, thereby moving the material along
the screw's spindle. This ancient
construction is still used in many low-
tech applications, such as irrigation
systems and in agricultural machinery for
transporting grain and other solids.
2.Screw pump
ADVANTAGES
Slow Speed, Simple and Rugged design
Pumps raw water with heavy solids and floating debris
No collection sump required = minimum head
'Gentle handling' of biological flock
Long lifetime ( > 20-40 years)
Pump capacity is self-regulating with incoming level
Easy maintenance (no 'high skilled' staff required)
Constant high efficiency with variable capacity
Can run without water
Screw pumps allow a wide range of flows and pressures
They can also accommodate a wide range of liquids and viscosities
Screw pumps have high speed capability and this allows the freedom of driver selection
All the screw pumps are Self-priming which allows them to have good suction characteristics
2.Screw pump
DISADVANTAGES
Cost of manufacturing is high because of close tolerances and
running clearances
Any changes in the viscosity of the fluid results in high fluctuations in the
performance.
A screw pump with high pressure capability will require high pumping
elements which increases the overall size of the pump.
2.Screw pump
APPLICATIONS
chemical-processing
liquid delivery
marine
biotechnology
pharmaceutical
food, dairy, and beverage processing.
fuel-injection
oil burners
lubrication
3.Lobe pump
Lobe pumps are similar to
external gear pumps in
operation in that fluid flows
around the interior of the
casing. Unlike external gear
pumps, however, the lobes do
not make contact. Lobe contact
is prevented by external timing
gears located in the gearbox.
3.Lobe pump
Pass medium solids Requires timing gears
No metal-to-metal contact Requires two seals
Long term dry run (with Reduced lift with thin
lubrication to seals) liquids
Non-pulsating discharge
3.Lobe pump
APPLICATIONS
Polymers
Paper coatings
Soaps and surfactants
Paints and dyes
Rubber and adhesives
Pharmaceuticals
Food applications
4.Cam pump
The main part of the pump is a cam which is mounted on a
rotating shaft that rotates in a cylindrical casing. The cam is
designed in such a way that it always maintains contact with
the walls of the casing as it rotates. A spring loaded blade acts
as the cam follower and moves in an accurately machined slot
in the casing. This blade separates suction and delivery sides
of the pump. Inlet and outlet ports are placed on either sides of
this blade. The discharge from the pump is continuous. It also
eliminates the crank and connecting rod mechanisms and
delivers a smooth operation.
4.Cam pump
(a) The water is sucked in during the counter clockwise rotation of
the cam.
(b) The apex of the cam is at top, displacing the follower blade to
maximum. At current position, the whole cavity is filled
completely by water. Now suction process is complete.
(c) further advancement of the cam pushes the water out via the
outlet port, which is connected to the delivery pipe.
(a) (b)
(c)
4.Cam pump
ADVANTAGES
The pump operates smoothly.
It has less noise and vibration.
The delivery is at a constant rate.
The suction and discharge happens simultaneously.
The absence of unidirectional valves and other linkages like
crank and connecting rods reduce the complexity and floor
space required.
4.Cam pump
DISADVANTAGES
The discharge was found to be decreasing with increase of head
due to the increase of leakage around the cam with increase in
pressure.
The tolerances are not close enough to seal the leakages.
There is excessive leakage through the rectangular groove
provided for the movement of the follower blade, at high
pressures.
The volumetric efficiency was also found to be decreasing with
increase of head.
5.Vane pump
A rotary vane pump is a
positive-displacement pump
that consists of vanes mounted
to a rotor that rotates inside of a
cavity. In some cases these
vanes can be variable length
and/or tensioned to maintain
contact with the walls as the
pump rotates.
Rotary Positive Displacement
Pumps
5.Vane pump
Can have two stuffing boxes
Handles thin liquids at relatively
Complex housing and many
higher pressures
parts
Compensates for wear through
Not suitable for high
vane extension
pressures
Sometimes preferred for Not suitable for high viscosity
solvents, LPG Not good with abrasives
Can run dry for short periods
Can have one seal or stuffing box
Develops good vacuum
5.Vane pump
APPLICATIONS
Aerosol and Propellants
Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing
Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants
Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3
LPG Cylinder Filling
Alcohols
Refrigeration Freons, Ammonia
Solvents
Aqueous solutions
6.Peristaltic pump
A peristaltic pump is a type of
positive displacement pump used for
pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is
contained within a flexible tube fitted
inside a circular pump casing.
A rotor with a number of "rollers",
"shoes", "wipers", or "lobes" attached
to the external circumference of the
rotor compresses the flexible tube. As
the rotor turns, the part of the tube
under compression is pinched closed
(or "occludes") thus forcing the fluid to
be pumped to move through the tube.
6.Peristaltic pump
ADVANTAGES
No contamination. Because the only part of the pump in contact
with the fluid being pumped is the interior of the tube, it is easy
to sterilize and clean the inside surfaces of the pump.
Low maintenance needs. Their lack of valves, seals
and glands makes them comparatively inexpensive to maintain.
They are able to handle slurries, viscous, shear-sensitive and
aggressive fluids.
Pump design prevents backflow and syphoning without valves
6.Peristaltic pump
DISADVANTAGES
The flexible tubing will tend to degrade with time and require
periodic replacement.
The flow is pulsed, particularly at low rotational speeds.
Therefore, these pumps are less suitable where a smooth
consistent flow is required.
6.Peristaltic pump
APPLICATIONS
Medicine
Dialysis machines
Open-heart bypass pump machines
Medical infusion pumps
Testing and research
Auto Analyzer
Analytical chemistry experiments
Carbon monoxide monitors
Media dispensers
Agriculture
'Sapsucker' pumps to extract maple tree sap
6.Peristaltic pump
APPLICATIONS
Food manufacturing and sales
Liquid food fountains
Beverage dispensing
Food-service Washing Machine fluid pump
Chemical handling
Printing, paint and pigments
Pharmaceutical production
Dosing systems for dishwasher and laundry chemicals
6.Peristaltic pump
APPLICATIONS
Engineering and manufacturing
Concrete pump
Pulp and paper plants
Minimum quantity lubrication
Water and Waste
Chemical treatment in water purification plant
Sewage sludge
Aquariums, particularly calcium reactors
THANK YOU

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HYDRAULIC PUMPS

It converts Prime mover energy in to mechanical

To increase Flow rate.

To move liquid from lower elevation to higher

Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial

Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding

Used for pumping fluids other than water

Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane peristaltic

1.1 External gear pump

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