Welcome to Engineering Design

What is engineering design, really?

Engineering Design process

Phases of design

Design review
Roles for engineers

Teamwork

Summary
What is Design, really?
 DESIGN ???
Design visualisation by Leonardo da Vinci
DESIGN ???
DESIGN ???
TheMiniModalconcept
combinesahybridpower
systemandasmaller,lighter
bodytocreateamore
efficienttaxi.Acombustion
engineandanelectricmotor,
bothlocatedbeneaththe
driver'sseat,sharethesame
drivetrain.
 DESIGN ???
What do you understand with this magic word?
- Websters dictionary: to fashion after a plan
- to create something that has never been
To design is to pull together something new: or
To arrange existing things in a new way.
Pulling together = synthesis
 Definition of Design

Blumrich 1970 (taken from Dieter 2000)

Design establishes and defines solutions to and

pertinent structures for problems not solved before,
or new solutions to problems which have previously
been solved in a different way.
 What is Design, really?

American Board of Engineering and

Technology (ABET), 2005
Engineering design is the process of devising a
system, component, or process to meet desired
needs. It is a decision-making process (often
iterative), in which the basic sciences,
mathematics, and the engineering sciences are
applied to convert resources optimally to meet
these stated needs.
 Definition of Design

From www.wikipedia.com
Design, usually considered in the context of applied arts,
engineering, architecture, and other creative endeavors, is
used both as a noun and a verb.
As a verb, "to design" refers to the process of originating
and developing a plan for a product, structure, system, or
component.
As a noun, "a design" is used for either the final (solution)
plan (e.g. proposal, drawing, model, description) or the result
of implementing that plan (e.g. object produced, result of the
process).
 Definition of Design

From www.wikipedia.com

More recently, processes (in general) have also been treated

as products of design, giving new meaning to the term
"process design".

Designing normally requires a designer to consider the

aesthetic, functional, and many other aspects of an object or
a process, which usually requires considerable research,
thought, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.
 Design vs Art

Design is often viewed as a more form of art, or art with a

clearly defined purpose.
The distinction is usually made when someone other than
the artist is defining the purpose.
In the realm of the arts, design is more relevant to the
"applied" arts, such as architecture and industrial design.
In fact today the term design is widely associated to
modern industrial product design.
Design implies a conscious effort to create something that
is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
 Design vs Engineering

Engineering is often viewed as a more rigorous form of

design.
Design is a component of engineering aside from
production and other operations which utilize engineering.
A neutral view may suggest that both design and
engineering simply overlap, depending on the discipline of
design.
From American Heritage Dictionary, design is defined as:
"To conceive or fashion in the mind; invent," and "To
formulate a plan",
 Design vs Engineering

In that dictionary, Engineering is defined as: "The

application of scientific and mathematical principles to
practical ends such as the design, manufacture, and
operation of efficient and economical structures, machines,
processes, and systems.".
Design and engineering are forms of problem-solving
with a defined distinction being the application of "scientific
and mathematical principles".
How much science is applied in a design is a question of
what is considered "science". Along with the question of
what is considered science, there is social science versus
natural science.
 Design vs Production

The relationship between design and production is one of

planning and executing.
In theory, the plan should anticipate and compensate for
potential problems in the execution process.
Design involves problem-solving and creativity.
In contrast, production involves a routine or pre-planned
process.
 Design vs Production

A design may also be a mere plan that does not include a

production or engineering process, although a working
knowledge of such processes is usually expected of
designers.
Design and production are involving many creative
professional careers, meaning problem-solving is part of
execution and the reverse.
 Design vs Production

Designs are rarely perfect and are sometimes repetitive.

The imperfection of a design may task a production
position (e.g. production artist, construction worker) with
utilizing creativity or problem-solving skills to compensate
for what was overlooked in the design process.
 Design Philosophy

There are countless philosophies for guiding design as the

design values within modern design vary, both between
different schools of thought and among practicing
designers.
Design philosophies are usually for determining design
goals. A design goal may range from solving the least
significant individual problem of the smallest element.
Design goals are usually for guiding design. However,
conflicts over immediate and minor goals may lead to
questioning the purpose of design.
 Design Philosophy

A design philosophy is a guide to help make choices when

designing such as ergonomics, costs, economics,
functionality and methods of re-design.
An example of a design philosophy is dynamic change to
achieve the elegant or stylish look you need.
 ReDesign

Redesign Something that is redesigned requires a

different process than something that is designed for the
first time.

Redesign can also be said as any or all stages in the

design process repeated (with corrections made) at any
time before, during, or after production.
A redesign often includes an evaluation of the existent
design and the findings of the redesign needs are often the
ones that drive the redesign process.
 ReDesign

As engineers, we have to see

beyond existing technology and
ask is there a better way?
Like everyone we get frustrated
by products that dont work
properly. As design engineers we
do something about it. Were all
about invention and improvement.
Redesign
Redesign
 Who designs and develops products?

A multidisciplinary team comprising of:

Marketing: to identify product opportunity, define
market segments, identify customer needs, etc.
Design: includes engineering (mechanical,
electrical, etc.) and industrial design
(aesthetics).
Manufacturing: fabrication and testing
purposes.
 Types of Mechanical Design

Selection design
Choosing item(s) from a list of similar items e.g choosing items
from a catalogue; must have a clear need
Adaptive design
Adapts a known solution to satisfy a different need to
produce a novel application . For example, adapting the
ink-jet printing concept to spray binder to hold particles in
place in a rapid prototyping machine. Adaptive designs
involve synthesis and are relatively common in design.
Types of Mechanical Design

Industrial design.
This form of design deals with improving the appeal
of a product to the human senses, especially its
visual appeal. While this type of design is more
artistic than engineering, it is a vital aspect of many
kinds of design.
Types of Mechanical Design
Original design
Requires the development of a process, assembly
or components not previously in existence or
information not available to the designer
Selection, configuration and parametric are subsets
of an original design.

Redesign
Modification of an existing product to meet new
requirements example: material, human comfort,
ergonomics and aerodynamics.
Engineering design vs. industrial design?

Industrial design deals chiefly with the

aspects of a product related to:

Asthetics stylish in appearance most

important design characteristics.
Ergonomics interaction between
human and machine/system/product .

e.g. a concept car

Design, when applied to
fashion, includes
considering aesthetics as
well as function in the
final form.
A drawing for a booster engine for steam locomotives.
Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on
function and the utilization of mathematics and
science.
 What is Design, really?

Which of the following is design and which is analysis?

A. Given that the customer wishes to fasten together two steel

plates, select appropriate sizes for the bolt, nut and washer.

B. Given the cross-section geometry of a new airplane wing

we determine the lift it produces by conducting wind tunnel
experiments.

Design Analysis

Form is the solution to a design problem.

How are Function and Form
related

Form
Form Ever
Ever Follows
Follows Function
Function
Luis
Luis Sullivan
Sullivan
 Design definition

Set of decision-making processes and

activities used to determined the form of an
object given the functions desired by the
customer.
Design Method Versus Scientific
Method
 A Problem-Solving
Methodology

Definition of the problem

Gathering of information
Generation of alternative solutions
Evaluation of alternatives and decision
making
Communication of the results
 Decision making
Iterative [OBSERVE
]

[BRAINSTORM]

Science Optimally
& [REPEAT!!
Mathemati ]
cs
[COMPARE
]

Applied [MAKE]
Process
Making Decisions? Use the design process
Establish functional requirements
Formulating Determine constraints
Problem Set performance targets
Design specifications
Create alternative forms
Generating (shape, configuration, size, materials,
Alternatives manufacturing processes)
Redesign
iteration

all alternatives

Analyzing
Alternatives
feasible alternative

Evaluating
Alternative

best alternative design candidate & meet manufacturing specifications

The design paradox between design
knowledge and design freedom.
Are there phases of design?

How do design decisions change over time?

Is there a logical grouping of decisions?

SCL: Pair up and discuss what makes

design decision change over time
Share your answer with the rest of the class
(do this in 5 minutes)
The first three phases of the
engineering design process.
 Phases of the
engineering design
process.
Phase IV. Planning for Manufacture

Phase V. Planning for Distribution

Phase VI. Planning for Use

Phase VII. Planning for

Retirement of the Product
 The Four Cs of Design

Creativity
Requires creation of something that has not existed before or
has not existed in the designers mind before
Complexity
Requires decisions on many variables and parameters
Choice
Requires making choices between many possible solutions at
all levels, from basic concepts to the smallest detail of shape
Compromise
Requires balancing multiple and sometimes conflicting
requirements
Design versus the Product Realization Process?

Realized
Product

t
en
o pm
el
ev
D
ct
du
ro
P

Customer
Need
Phases in the life of a product

To satisfy the consumer

We must consider all the phases in the life of a product
Product realization begins the Product Life Cycle

Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline

Income

Sales
Investment

Product
Development Time
How do we, as engineers, fit into
the Product Realization Process?

?
 Where do engineers work?

Employer Thousands %

Manufacturing 732 50

Engineering Services 401 27

Government (Federal, State & Local) 179 12

Self-employed 43 3

Other 110 8

Total 1465 100

(U.S. Department of Labor, 2000).

Engineering Roles in Design & Manufacturing
Engineering Roles in Design & Manufacturing

Manufacturing Industrial Engineer Designs fabrication,

assembly and warehousing
systems
Manufacturing Develops manufacturing
Engineer tools and fixtures
Quality Control Establishes and maintains
Engineer raw materials and finished
goods quality controls

Processing / Plant Engineer Designs and maintains

Operations processing plant facilities
Project Engineer Coordinates project work
tasks, budgets and
schedules
 Functional organization chart

S to c k h o ld e rs

B o a rd o f D ire c to rs

P re s id e n t

P u rc h a s in g M a n u fa c tu rin g R e s e a rc h & D e v e lo p m e n t S a le s & M a rk e tin g F in a n c e

P u rc h a s in g P ro d u c tio n O p e ra tio n s D e s ig n E n g in e e rin g S a le s A c c o u n tin g

E s tim a tin g Q u a lity C o n tro l In d u s tria l D e s ig n C u s to m e r S e rv ic e B u d g e tin g
E x p e d itin g In d u s tria l E n g in e e rin g P ro to ty p in g M a rk e tin g P la n n in g
M a n u fa c tu rin g E n g in e e rin g T e s tin g A d v e rtis in g
P ro d u c tio n P la n n in g M a te ria ls R e s e a rc h
T o o lin g

typical manufacturing company

Concurrent engineering design team

No more
over the wall
Concurrent engineering design team

No more
over the wall
 Teamwork is a professional team
sport!
Professional Team Industry
Competitors Companies
Team owners Investors
Coaches Managers
Referees, umpires Lawyers, judges
Communication Coordination
Fumbles, injuries Mistakes, losses
Individual skills Specialized jobs
Team skills People skills
 Inspiring words

To become proficient in design is a perfectly attainable goal for an

engineering student but its attainment requires the guided experiences.
Design should not be confused with discovery
Design may or may not involve invention.
In your professional career you may have the opportunity to create dozens
of designs and have the satisfaction of seeing them become working
realities.
A scientist will be lucky if he makes one creative addition to human
knowledge in his whole life, and many never do so.
A scientist can discover a new star but he cannot make one. He would have

to ask an engineer to do it for him.

 Summary

Design is a decision making process in order to

determine the form of an object with the functions desired
by the customer.
Product realization process includes engineering design
Design process requires formulating, generating,
analyzing, evaluating and refining.
Form follows function.
Product realization is a professional team sport.
 Task for this week
Create a two pages project proposal with project
schedule.
Basic Outline
1. Problem StatementClient Needs, Client Goals,
Client Objectives, Goals and Objectives3
2. Recommended Solution Recommended
Solution, Recommended Strategy
3. Pricing information Fee Summary, Fee
Schedule, Project Pricing

Due date: A day before the next lecture.