Scribd
Upload
223 views19 pages

Angles and Directions

Magnetic Declination = 10ْ 30’ E Magnetic Bearing of survey Line = Geographic Bearing + Magnetic Declination = 26ْ 00’ + 10ْ 30’ = 36ْ 30’ Therefore, Magnetic Bearing of survey Line = N 36ْ 30’ E

Uploaded by

Osama Maher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
223 views19 pages

Angles and Directions

Magnetic Declination = 10ْ 30’ E Magnetic Bearing of survey Line = Geographic Bearing + Magnetic Declination = 26ْ 00’ + 10ْ 30’ = 36ْ 30’ Therefore, Magnetic Bearing of survey Line = N 36ْ 30’ E

Uploaded by

Osama Maher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

4.

2: Reference Direction for Vertical Angles:

-Vertical angles: angle which used in slope distance corrections or in


height determination
-Vertical angle are referenced to the:
(1) the horizon by plus (up) or minus (down) angles.
(2) zenith.
(3) nadir.
- Zenith and nadir are terms describing points on a celestial sphere .
4.3: Meridians:

- Meridians: a line on the mean surface of the earth joining the north
and south poles.
- geographic meridian: is the line formed by the intersection with the
earths surface of a plane that includes the earths axis of rotation.
- Magnetic meridians: are parallel to the directions taken by freely
moving magnetized needles, as in a compass.
- Grid meridians: are lines that are parallel to a grid reference
meridian (central meridian).
4.4: Horizontal Angles:

- Horizontal angles are usually measured with a theodolite or total


station.
- For all closed polygons of n sides, the sum of the interior angles
equal to (n-2)180 .
- For all closed polygons of n sides, the sum of the exterior angles
equal to (n+2)180 .

Example: What is the sum of the interior angles for a five-sides


polygon?
(5-2)180 =
(3)(180) = 540
4.5: Azimuths:

- Azimuth: is the direction of a line as given by an angle measured


clockwise (usually) from the north end of a meridian.
- Azimuths range in magnitude from 0 to 360 .

Line Azimuth
0-1 52
0-2 121
0-3 202
0-4 325
4.6: Bearings:

- Bearing: is the direction of a line as given by the acute angle between the line
and a meridian.
- Measured clockwise or counterclockwise from the north or south end of the
meridian.
- Bearing is always accompanied by letters that locate the quadrant in which
the line falls (NE, NW, SE, or SW).
Line Bearing
0-1 N5800E
0-2 S2500E
0-3 S2800W
0-4 N1000W
4.7: Relationships Between Bearings and Azimuths:

To convert from azimuths to bearings by using this table:

quadrant quadrant letters Numerical value


From 0 to 90 NE bearing = azimuth
From 90 to 180 SE bearing= 180 - azimuth
From 180 to 270 SW bearing= azimuth 180
From 270 to 360 NW bearing= 360 - azimuth
To convert from bearings to azimuths by using this relationships:
1. NE quadrant azimuth = bearing
2. SE quadrant azimuth = 180 bearing
3. SW quadrant azimuth = 180 bearing
4. NW quadrant azimuth = 360 bearing

Example: convert :
1. 200 58 = S20 58W
2. N2 21W = 357 39
4.8: Reverse Directions:

It can be said that every line has two direction.


Forward direction is direction that oriented in the direction of fieldwork
or computation staging.
Back direction is direction that oriented in the reverse of the direction
fieldwork or computation staging.
To reverse a bearing Reverse the direction letters.

Example:

Line Bearing
AB N 60 00 E
BA S 60 00 W
To reverse an azimuth . Add 180 to the original direction.

Example:

Line Azimuth

AB 128 00

BA 308 00
4.9: Azimuth Computations:

START
Az AB = 330 00 (Given)
- 180
Az BA = 150 00
+<B 120 28
Az BC = 270 28
Az BC = 270 28
- 180
Az CB = 90 28
+<C = 118 37
Az CD = 209 05

Az CD = 209 05
- 180
Az DC = 29 05
+<D 105 22
Az DE = 134 27
Az DE = 134 27
+ 180
Az ED = 314 27
+<E 108 28
Az EA = 422 55
- 360
Az EA = 62 55
Finish
Check
Az EA = 62 55
+ 180
Az AE = 242 55
+<A 87 05
Az AB = 330 00
4.10: Bearing Computation:
Line BC:
(?)= 180 (120 28- 30 )
(?)= 89 32 in N.W quad.
i.e., N 89 32 W

Line CD:
(?)= 118 37- 89 32
(?)= 29 05 in S.W quad.
i.e., S 29 05 W
:Line DE
(05 29+22 105) 180 =(?)
.in S.E. quad 33 45(?)=
i.e., S 45 33 E

Line EA:
(?)= 108 28- 45 33
(?)= 62 55 in N.E. quad.
i.e., N 62 55 E
Line AB:
(?)= 180 (62 55+ 87 05)
(?)= 30 00 in N.W. quad.
i.e., N 30 00 W
CHECK (Line AB was S 30 00 E )
4.12: Magnetic Direction:

Magnetic Direction is the horizontal angle between magnetic north


and geographic north.
Isogonic chart is line joining points of the earth surface having
equal magnetic declination.

Geographic Bearing of
survey Line = 15 30+ 10 30
= 26 00`

You might also like