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Lecture 1 - Set & Subset

This document provides an introduction to set theory concepts including: 1) Sets are collections of elements that can be defined using set builder notation where order and repetition of elements do not matter. 2) Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements. A set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is also an element in B. 3) Examples of standard sets include natural numbers, integers, and real numbers. The power set of a set A contains all subsets of A, and its cardinality is 2 to the power of the cardinality of A.

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Syahmi Ahmad
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203 views16 pages

Lecture 1 - Set & Subset

This document provides an introduction to set theory concepts including: 1) Sets are collections of elements that can be defined using set builder notation where order and repetition of elements do not matter. 2) Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements. A set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is also an element in B. 3) Examples of standard sets include natural numbers, integers, and real numbers. The power set of a set A contains all subsets of A, and its cardinality is 2 to the power of the cardinality of A.

Uploaded by

Syahmi Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 1

Set Theory

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and Proving Techniques 1


Set Theory
Set: Collection of objects (elements)
aA a is an element of A
a is a member of A
aA a is not an element of A
A = {a1, a2, , an} A contains
Order of elements is meaningless
It does not matter how often the same
element is listed.

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 2


Proving Techniques
Set Equality
Sets A and B are equal if and only if they
contain exactly the same elements.
Examples:
A = {9, 2, 7, -3}, B = {7, 9, -3, 2} : A=B
A = {dog, cat, horse},
B = {cat, horse, squirrel, dog} : AB
A = {dog, cat, horse},
B = {cat, horse, dog, dog} : A=B

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 3


Proving Techniques
Examples for Sets

Standard Sets:
Natural numbers N = {0, 1, 2, 3, }
Integers Z = {, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, }
Positive Integers Z+ = {1, 2, 3, 4, }
Real Numbers R = {47.3, -12, , }
Rational Numbers Q = {1.5, 2.6, -3.8, 15,
}
(correct definition will follow)

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 4


Proving Techniques
Examples for Sets
A= empty set/null set
A = {z} Note: zA, but z {z}
A = {{b, c}, {c, x, d}}
A = {{x, y}}
Note: {x, y} A, but {x, y} {{x, y}}
A = {x | P(x)}
set of all x such that P(x)
A = {x | xN x > 7} = {8, 9, 10, }
set builder notation

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 5


Proving Techniques
Examples for Sets
We are now able to define the set of rational
numbers Q:
Q = {a/b | aZ bZ+}
or
Q = {a/b | aZ bZ b0}

And how about the set of real numbers R?


R = {r | r is a real number}
That is the best we can do.

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 6


Proving Techniques
Subsets
AB A is a subset of B
A B if and only if every element of A is also
an element of B.
We can completely formalize this:
A B x (xA xB)

Examples:
A = {3, 9}, B = {5, 9, 1, 3}, A B ? true
A = {3, 3, 3, 9}, B = {5, 9, 1, 3}, A true
B?
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4}, A false
B?
04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and
MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 7
Proving Techniques
Subsets
Useful rules:
A = B (A B) (B A)
(A B) (B C) A C (see Venn Diagram)

B
A C

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 8


Proving Techniques
Subsets
Useful rules:
A for any set A
A A for any set A

Proper subsets:
AB A is a proper subset of B
A B x (xA xB) x (xB xA)
or
A B x (xA xB) x (xB xA)

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 9


Proving Techniques
Cardinality of Sets
If a set S contains n distinct elements, nN,
we call S a finite set with cardinality n.

Examples:
A = {Mercedes, BMW, Porsche}, |A| = 3
B = {1, {2, 3}, {4, 5}, 6} |B| = 4
C= |C| = 0
D = { xN | x 7000 } |D| = 7001
E = { xN | x 7000 } E is infinite!

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 10


Proving Techniques
The Power Set
P(A) power set of A
P(A) = {B | B A} (contains all subsets of A)

Examples:
A = {x, y, z}
P(A) = {, {x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {x, z}, {y, z},
{x, y, z}}

A=
P(A) = {}
Note: |A| = 0, |P(A)| = 1

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 11


Proving Techniques
The Power Set
Cardinality of power sets:
| P(A) | = 2|A|
Imagine each element in A has an on/of switch
Each possible switch configuration in A
corresponds to one element in 2A

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x x x x x x x x x
y y y y y y y y y
z z z z z z z z z
For 3 elements in A, there are
222 = 8 elements in P(A)
04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 12
Proving Techniques
Cartesian Product
The ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, a3, , an) is an
ordered collection of objects.
Two ordered n-tuples (a1, a2, a3, , an) and
(b1, b2, b3, , bn) are equal if and only if they
contain exactly the same elements in the same
order, i.e. ai = bi for 1 i n.

The Cartesian product of two sets is defined as:


AB = {(a, b) | aA bB}
Example: A = {x, y}, B = {a, b, c}
AB = {(x, a), (x, b), (x, c), (y, a), (y, b), (y, c)}

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 13


Proving Techniques
Cartesian Product
The Cartesian product of two sets is defined
as: AB = {(a, b) | aA bB}
Example:
A = {good, bad}, B = {student, prof}

AB = {
(good, student), (good, prof), }
(bad, student), (bad, prof)

BA = (student, good), (prof, good), }


(student, bad), (prof, bad)
{

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 14


Proving Techniques
Cartesian Product
Note that:
A =
A =
For non-empty sets A and B: AB AB BA
|AB| = |A||B|

The Cartesian product of two or more sets is


defined as:
A1A2An = {(a1, a2, , an) | aiA for 1 i
n}
04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 15
Proving Techniques
Exercises 3.1

You could work on Exercises 3.1 to get some


practice.

04/26/17 MAT422 : Mathematical Logic and 16


Proving Techniques

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