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    Network Theorem

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    This document discusses Norton's Theorem, which states that any circuit with independent sources can be represented by a Norton equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistor. The process for obtaining the Norton equivalent circuit is similar to finding the Thevenin equivalent and involves calculating the short circuit current and equivalent resistance. This allows representing circuits containing small signal sources like strain gauges as a simple current source and resistor for analysis and measurement purposes.

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    Network Theorem

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    25 views15 pages
    This document discusses Norton's Theorem, which states that any circuit with independent sources can be represented by a Norton equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistor. The process for obtaining the Norton equivalent circuit is similar to finding the Thevenin equivalent and involves calculating the short circuit current and equivalent resistance. This allows representing circuits containing small signal sources like strain gauges as a simple current source and resistor for analysis and measurement purposes.

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    This document discusses Norton's Theorem, which states that any circuit with independent sources can be represented by a Norton equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistor. The process for obtaining the Norton equivalent circuit is similar to finding the Thevenin equivalent and involves calculating the short circuit current and equivalent resistance. This allows representing circuits containing small signal sources like strain gauges as a simple current source and resistor for analysis and measurement purposes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    25 views15 pages

    Network Theorem

    Uploaded by

    crazy about reading
    This document discusses Norton's Theorem, which states that any circuit with independent sources can be represented by a Norton equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistor. The process for obtaining the Norton equivalent circuit is similar to finding the Thevenin equivalent and involves calculating the short circuit current and equivalent resistance. This allows representing circuits containing small signal sources like strain gauges as a simple current source and resistor for analysis and measurement purposes.

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    You are on page 1of 15

    Norton's Theorem (5.3, 8.

    8)

    Dr. Holbert
    March 20, 2006

    ECE201 Lect-14 1
    Introduction
    Any Thevenin equivalent circuit is in turn
    equivalent to a current source in parallel with
    a resistor [source transformation].
    A current source in parallel with a resistor is
    called a Norton equivalent circuit.
    Finding a Norton equivalent circuit requires
    essentially the same process as finding a
    Thevenin equivalent circuit.
    ECE201 Lect-14 2
    Independent Sources

    Isc RTh

    Circuit with one or Norton equivalent


    more independent circuit
    sources

    ECE201 Lect-14 3
    No Independent Sources

    RTh

    Circuit without Norton equivalent


    independent sources circuit

    ECE201 Lect-14 4
    Finding the Norton Equivalent
    Circuits with independent sources:
    Find Voc and Isc
    Compute RTh
    Circuits without independent sources:
    Apply a test voltage (current) source
    Find resulting current (voltage)
    Compute RTh
    ECE201 Lect-14 5
    Example: Strain Gauge
    Strain is the amount of deformation of a
    body due to an applied force-it is defined as
    the fractional change in length.
    Strain can be positive (tensile) or negative
    (compressive).
    One type of strain gauge is made of a foil
    grid on a thin backing.

    ECE201 Lect-14 6
    A Strain Gauge
    Backing

    Foil

    The strain gauges resistance varies as a


    function of the strain:
    R = GF R
    is the strain, R is the nominal resistance,
    GF is the Gauge Factor
    ECE201 Lect-14 7
    Typical values
    Measured strain values are typically fairly
    small-usually less than 10-3.
    GF is usually close to 2.
    Typical values for R are 120, 350, and
    1000.
    A typical change in resistance is
    R = 210-3120 = 0.24

    ECE201 Lect-14 8
    Measuring Small Changes in R
    To measure such small changes in
    resistance, the strain gauge is placed in a
    Wheatstone bridge circuit.
    The bridge circuit uses an excitation voltage
    source and produces a voltage that depends
    on R.

    ECE201 Lect-14 9
    The Bridge Circuit

    R R+R

    + V +
    Vex out

    R R

    ECE201 Lect-14 10
    Norton Equivalent for Any

    Vex 2 R 4 6
    I sc RTh
    R 4 6 4 1 2

    ECE201 Lect-14 11
    Thevenin/Norton Analysis
    1. Pick a good breaking point in the circuit (cannot split a
    dependent source and its control variable).

    2. Thevenin: Compute the open circuit voltage, VOC.


    Norton: Compute the short circuit current, ISC.

    For case 3(b) both VOC=0 and ISC=0 [so skip step 2]

    ECE201 Lect-14 12
    Thevenin/Norton Analysis
    3. Compute the Thevenin equivalent resistance, RTh (or
    impedance, ZTh).
    (a) If there are only independent sources, then short
    circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit the current
    sources (just like superposition).
    (b) If there are only dependent sources, then must use a
    test voltage or current source in order to calculate
    RTh (or ZTh) = VTest/Itest
    (c) If there are both independent and dependent sources,
    then compute RTh (or ZTh) from VOC/ISC.

    ECE201 Lect-14 13
    Thevenin/Norton Analysis
    4. Thevenin: Replace circuit with VOC in series with RTh, ZTh.
    Norton: Replace circuit with ISC in parallel with RTh, ZTh.

    Note: for 3(b) the equivalent network is merely RTh (or ZTh),
    that is, no voltage (or current) source.

    Only steps 2 & 4 differ from Thevenin & Norton!

    ECE201 Lect-14 14
    Class Examples
    Learning Extension E5.4
    Learning Extension E8.15(c)

    ECE201 Lect-14 15

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