Introduction to Information

Technology
By
Dr Dharmendra Kumar
Kanchan
Dept. of Computer Science &
Information Technology
PhD Course work
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
2017
OBJECTIVES
1. Recognize the importance of computer
literacy
2. Identify the components of a computer
3. Discuss the uses of the Internet and
World Wide Web
4. Identify the categories of software
5. Describe the categories of computers
6. Identify the types of computer users
7. Discuss various computer applications in
society
8. Importance of Computers in Research
What is Computer Literacy?
The ability to use computersand
related technology efficiently.
Familiarity with the basic hardware,
software and the Internet concepts.
Allows one to use personal
computers for:
Data entry, Databases creation and
maintenance
Word processing, Spreadsheet and DTP
Computer programming & Software
development
A World of Computers
Our mission is to provide:-
Knowledge and understanding of
computers and their uses
Because Computer play vital role in our
day-to-day life.
 What Is a Computer?
Electronic device operating under the
control of instructions stored in its
own memory
Processes data into
Accepts data information Produces and
Raw facts, figures, and Data that is organized, stores results
symbols meaningful, and useful

Or simply, An electronic device that

process data to produce information
What Is Information?

Processin Informati
Data
g on

Student
Process Result
Marks
Advantages of Using
Computers
Speed
Accuracy
Reliability
Consistency
Storage
Communications
Disadvantages of Using
Computers
Violation of Privacy
Impact on Labor Force
Health Risks
Impact on Environment
Cyber Crime
 Terms of computer
technology
Input the data entered into a computer.
Output the processed results.
Storage a place whereas a computer
hold data and information for future use.
User - a person that communicate with
a computer or uses the information it
generates.
Hardware the electrical, electronic and
mechanical equipment that makes up a
computer
Software is the series of instruction
that tells the hardware how to perform
Computer Evolution
Example: Computer
Generations
 Analog Computer
An analog computer is a computer which is used to
process analog data.
Analog computers store data in a continuous form of
physical quantities and perform calculations with
the help of measures.
Ananalog computeris a form ofcomputerthat
uses the continuously changeable aspects of
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical,
or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being
solved.
 Digital Computer
Acomputerthatperformscalculatio
nsand logical operations with
quantities represented as digits,
usually binary number system.
Acomputerworkingwithdatarepres
entedindigitalform,usuallybinary
0sand1s.
 Hybrid Computer
Hybrid
computersarecomputersthat
exhibit features of
analogcomputersand
digitalcomputers.
The digital component normally
serves as the controller and provides
logical and numerical operations,
while the analog component often
serves as a solver of differential
equations and other mathematically
 Types of Digital Computers
Super Computer
Mainframe Computer
Mini Computer
Micro Computer
 Micro Computer
These computers are small in size.
Microprocessor in user so it is called
microcomputers.
These computers are widely used in
home and commonly known as PC
(Personal Computer).
Examples: IBM Pentium PC,
Apple/Macintosh etc.
Microcomputers are of two types:
Personal Computers and
Workstations
 Mini Computers
These are medium sized computers
on the basis of size
A centrally located server or CPU is
connected with more than 50
systems or terminals
Examples: Prime 9755, Vax 36, etc.
Characteristics:
Medium size.
More than 50 terminals and large capacity storage devices
than microcomputers
Used for general purpose.
Used in medium sized organizations and corporation for
their database access.
 Mainframe Computers
Are the largest types of computers.
Are used in large organizations like
insurance companies, banks where people
need frequent access to the same data,
which is usually organized into one or
more huge databases.
Examples: IBM 1401, ICL 2950/10 , IBM
S/390 etc.
Characteristics:
Very large in Size.
Central processor, central administration.
More than 100 terminals, large capacity storage devices
used.
Fastest and more expensive system.
 Super Computer
These systems are built to process
the huge amount of data and the
fastest supercomputer can perform
more than 1 trillion calculations per
second.
Some super computers are Cray T90,
Super Cray, Cyber 205.
There are thousands of processor in
super computers.
These speed and power make
supercomputers ideal for handling
large and highly complex problems
that require extreme calculating.
Digital Computer
Central Processing Unit
Computer Memory/Storage
Memory
Information processing
cycle
What is the information processing
cycle?
Input
Process
Output
Storage
Communication
The Components of a
Computer
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. System Unit
4. Storage Devices
5. Communication Devices
1. Input Devices
Hardware used to
enter data and
instructions
Widely used input
devices:
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Microphone
4. Scanner
5. Digital Camera
6. PC Video Camera
2. Output Devices
Hardware that
conveys
information
to one or more
people
Common output
devices:
1. Printer
2. Monitor
3. Speakers
3. System Unit
Case containing
electronic components
used to process data.
Motherboard or Circuit
Board.
2 Components of
Motherboard:
1. Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
2. Memory
CPU & Memory
Processor
The electronic component that
interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate the computer.
Memory
Consists of electronic components that
store
instructions waiting to be executed
and data needed by those instructions
4. Storage
Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
Storage media
Physical material on which data, instructions,
and information are stored

Storage device
Records and retrieves items to and from
a storage medium
Examples
Hard Disks
USB Flash Drives
CD
DVD
5. Communications device
Hardware component that enables a
computer to send and receive data,
instructions, and information
E.g.: Modem
Occurs over cables, telephone lines,
cellular radio networks (wireless),
satellites (wireless), and other
transmission media.
Computer Networks
A computer network is a collection of
autonomous computers and devices
connected together.
Computers are inter-connected in order
to exchange or share information and
resources.
These resources are:
Hardware
Software
Data
Information
Files
 Local Area Network (LAN)
Alocal area network, orLAN,
consists of a computer network at a
single site, typically an individual
office building.
 Metropolitan Area
Network(MAN)
Ametropolitan area network,
orMAN, consists of a computer
network across an entire city, college
campus or small region. A MAN is
larger than a LAN.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Awide area network, orWAN, occupies
a very large area, such as an entire
country or the entire world.
A WAN can contain multiple smaller
networks, such as LANs or MANs.
Internet is the best-known example of a
public WAN.
 Personal Area Network

(PAN)
A computer network organized around an
individual person within a single building
Devices are connected using Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth or Infra-red.
A typical PAN would include one or more
computers, mobile phones, peripheral
devices, video game consoles and other
personal entertainment devices.
 Network Topologies
A Network Topology is the arrangement
with which computer systems or network
devices are connected to each other.
Topologies may define both physical and
logical aspect of the network. Common
topologies are:
Bus: It uses one main cable to which all nodes
are directly connected
Mesh: Every node has a direct point-to-point
connection to every other node
Star: Each computer is connected to a central hub
using a point-to-point connection
Ring: the computers in the network are
connected in a circular fashion
Network Topologies
The Internet
 The Internet
The Internet is a network of
computers spanning the globe. It is
also called the World Wide Web.
An Internet Browser is a software
program that enables you to view
Web pages on your computer.
Browsers connect computers to the
Internet, and allow people to surf
the Web.
Popular web browsers are Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome etc.
 Layout of Web Page

1.Title bar tells you the name of the web page

2.Menu bar has commands for moving around
the webpage, printing, etc
3.Tool bar short cuts to commands. Each picture
represents a command
4.Address bar webpage address. If you want to
go directly to a web page, you will need to know
the address.
 Parts of Web Address
A web address is typically composed of
four parts:
For example, the address
http://www.google.co.in is called URL
(Uniform Resource Locator), made up
of the following areas:
http://
This Web server uses Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP). This is the most common
protocol on the Internet.
www
This site is on the World Wide Web.
google
The Web server and site maintainer.
co.in
This tells us it is a site in India. co means
Endings of web pages tells us a bit about the
page.
Some common endings to web addresses
are:
com (commercial)
edu (educational institution)
gov (government)
net (network)
org (organization)
You might also see addresses that add a
country code as the last part of the
address such as:
ca (Canada)
uk (United Kingdom)
fr (France)
us (United States of America)

 Internet: Search Engines

Aweb search engineis a software
system that is designed to search for
information on the World Wide Web
(WWW).
The search results are generally
presented in a line of results often
referred to assearch engine results
pages(SERPs).
The information may be a mix ofweb pages,
images, video and other types of files.
Some search engines alsomine
dataavailable in databasesoropen
directories.
 Popular Search Engines
Google
Ask
AOL
AltaVista
Bing
Yahoo
Lycos
Baidu, etc.
Working of Search Engines
Working of Search Engines
 TCP/IP: Internet Protocol

Suite
TCP/IP means Transmission control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
TheInternet protocol suiteis
theconceptual modeland set
ofcommunications protocolsused on
theInternetand similarcomputer
networks
The Internet protocol suite providesend-
to-end data communicationspecifying how
data should be:
Packetized
Addressed

List of most common TCP/IP

protocols
 Applications of the Internet
1. Communication
2. Job searches
3. Finding books and study material
4. Health and medicine
5. Travel
6. Entertainment
7. Online Shopping
8. Stock market updates
9. Research
10. Business use of internet
11. Information Sharing
12. Net Bankingetc.
 Business use of internet
Information about the product can be
provided online to the customer .
Provide market information to the business
e.g. Stock Market
It help business to recruit talented people
Help in locating suppliers of the product
Feedback and reviews about companies
product
Eliminate middle men and have a direct
contact with customer
Providing information to the investor by
providing companies back ground and
Internet of Things(IoT)
What is Software?
It is also called Computer
Program.
Mathematically defined
instructions that tells the
computer what to do.
Software is developed using any
programming languages like C,
C++, Java, C#, ASP, .NET. etc.
Database applications are
developed using RDBMS
Packages like Oracle, MS-SQL
 Type of Software
S/W is divided in two categories:
System Software & Application
Software
System Software are those S/Ws that
directly interact with computers
hardware.
System software includes device
drivers, operating systems,
compilers, disk formatters, text
editors and utilities helping the
computer to operate more efficiently.
It is also responsible for managing
hardware components.
 Application Software
Application software is intended to
perform certain specific tasks.
These are general purpose programs to
solve users problems. Examples :-
MS-Office: Word, Excel, Power Point, MS-
Access etc.
Gaming application: Game programs
Database systems: Oracle, Ms-SQL Server,
MySQL
Accounting software: Telly, ERP
Web Applications: Browsers like Internet
Explorer, Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
What is Operating System?
Operating system is a system software
that provides interface between user and
computer system
It manages computer hardware devices.
Provide basis to run application software.
Computer cannot work without operating
system
Operating system Components
Some Popular operating Systems
 Utility Programs
The OS provides utility programs, that
allows a user to perform maintenance-
type tasks, usually related to managing
computer, its devices, or it programs.
Programs for finding files
Diagnosing and repairing system problems
Cleaning up a hard drive
Viewing images and videos
Playing multimedia files
backup and restore files
It also helps to secure and safe guard data
Most operating system include several
built-in utility programs
 Utilities Programs
File manager
A file manger is a utility that perform functions related to
file management.

Data recovery
A data recovery utility is used to undelete a file or
information that has been accidentally deleted. With this
function, users are able to undo the last delete operation
that has taken place.

Maintenance log and activity information

The operating system can create a log of system users and
provide a record of system activity.

Screen saver
A screen saver prevents a monitors display screen from
being etched by an unchanging image.
 Utilities Programs
Backup
The backup utility allows users to make a backup
(duplicate) copy of the information on the hard disk.
Data compression
Data compression removes redundant elements, gaps, and
unnecessary data from a computers storage space, so less
space is required to store or transmit data.
Disk defragmenter
Disk defragmenter is a utility that reorganize the files and
unused space on a computers hard disks that the
operating system accesses data more quickly and programs
run faster. It defrag HDD.
Virus protection
A virus consists of hidden programming instructions that
are buried within an application or system program. They
can reproduce themselves and cause damage to computer
programs. There are many security programs available,
such asantivirus programsandantispyware programsand
firewall programs.
Categories of Computers
Personal Computers
Mobile Computers/Devices
Game Consoles
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded Computers
Personal Computers
What are the two most popular series of
personal computers? Apple Macintosh
PC and compatibles uses the Macintosh
use the Windows operating system
operating system (Mac OS)
Mobile Computers
Notebooks/Laptops
Tablet PC
PDA
Smart Phones
Game Consoles
Mobilecomputingdevicedesignedfor
singleplayerormultiplayervideogames
 Servers
What types of servers are
there?
A server controls access to
network resources and provides
centralized storage
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of computers
Supercomputer The fastest,
most powerful, most expensive
computer. Used for applications
requiring complex
mathematical calculations
Embedded Computers
A special-purposecomputer that functions as a
component in a larger product
Computer Usage
What are five categories of computer
users?
Home User
Small Office/Home Office User
Mobile User
Power User
Large Business User
Home User
What software is available for a home
user?
Personal Finance Management
Web access
Communications
Entertainment
Small Office User
What software is available for a
small office/home office (SOHO)
user?
Productivity
software
Specialty
software
Web usage
E-mail
Mobile User

Hardware
Notebook computers
PDAs
Smart phones
Tablet PCs
Software
Word processing
Spreadsheet
Presentation graphics
software
Power User
What are the needs of a power user?
Speed and large amounts of
storage
Types of power users
Engineers
Architects

Desktop publishers
Graphic artists
Large Business Users
What are the needs of the large
business user?
Payroll
Inventory
E-commerce
Desktop
publishing
Computer Applications in
Society
Education
Finance
Government
Health Care
Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing
Research
 Computers and Research
Computer can play very important role in
research area and for researcher:-
Now a days most of the Research Journals
are online.
Searching Reference Material on Web in
particular domain and downloading it, is
very easy.
You can submit Research Paper/Article for
online publications
You can also submit Paper Publication fee
online.
Open source research Tools (Software) can
be downloaded freely e.g. Weka-Data
mining, Network-NS-2 (Network Simulator) ,
Matlab , Rapid Miner etc.
Questions ?
 Thank You
Have a Nice Day !