The pharyngeal apparatus consists of pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts and membranes that form important head and neck structures. The document discusses:
1) The 5 pharyngeal arches give rise to muscles, bones, cartilages and arteries of the head and neck. For example, the first arch forms the mandible and malleus.
2) The 4 pharyngeal pouches form structures like the ears, tonsils, thymus and parathyroid glands. The first pouch forms the eustachian tube and middle ear cavity.
3) The 4 pharyngeal clefts normally close, but the first cleft remains to form the external
The pharyngeal apparatus consists of pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts and membranes that form important head and neck structures. The document discusses:
1) The 5 pharyngeal arches give rise to muscles, bones, cartilages and arteries of the head and neck. For example, the first arch forms the mandible and malleus.
2) The 4 pharyngeal pouches form structures like the ears, tonsils, thymus and parathyroid glands. The first pouch forms the eustachian tube and middle ear cavity.
3) The 4 pharyngeal clefts normally close, but the first cleft remains to form the external
Original Description:
Development of pharyngeal apparatus is briefed comprehensively
The pharyngeal apparatus consists of pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts and membranes that form important head and neck structures. The document discusses:
1) The 5 pharyngeal arches give rise to muscles, bones, cartilages and arteries of the head and neck. For example, the first arch forms the mandible and malleus.
2) The 4 pharyngeal pouches form structures like the ears, tonsils, thymus and parathyroid glands. The first pouch forms the eustachian tube and middle ear cavity.
3) The 4 pharyngeal clefts normally close, but the first cleft remains to form the external
The pharyngeal apparatus consists of pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts and membranes that form important head and neck structures. The document discusses:
1) The 5 pharyngeal arches give rise to muscles, bones, cartilages and arteries of the head and neck. For example, the first arch forms the mandible and malleus.
2) The 4 pharyngeal pouches form structures like the ears, tonsils, thymus and parathyroid glands. The first pouch forms the eustachian tube and middle ear cavity.
3) The 4 pharyngeal clefts normally close, but the first cleft remains to form the external
pharynx, larynx At 4 week. th Components of Apparatus Pharyngeal arches = 5 Clefts / grooves = 4 Pouches = 4 Membranes = 4 Pharyngeal arches Are horse shoe shaped cylindrical bars In lateral and ventral wall of primitive pharynx They provide support to walls Components Fate Para axial = muscles of head & neck Mesoderm Neural crest cells = skeletal elements & CT of head and neck
Skeletal elements of Cartilaginous rod of arch the arch Some remain as bone & cartilage Arch arteries - to dorsal aorta Ventral Contd. Gives motor innervations to Nerve of the arch: muscles of arch and sensory to skin and mucosa of arch Muscles of arch I Muscles of mastication Mandibualar ( temporalis, masseter, lateral nerve pterygoid, medial pterygoid), ant belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor palati II Muscles of facial expression, Facial nerve posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid III Stylopharyngeus Glossopharyngeal nerve IV Cricothyroid, levator veli palati, Superior constrictors of pharynx laryngeal nerve VI Intrinsic muscles of larynx Recurrent laryngeal nerve Nerves of arch I - Trigeminal nerve - Motor branches to muscles of maxillary & first arch = mandibular nerve mandibular divisions -Sensory branches = maxillary - Chorda tympani and mandibular nerve ( face, oral nerve cavity, nasal cavity tongue, teeth of both jaws, soft palate) - taste to ant 2/3rd of tongue II Facial nerve Muscles of 2nd arch
III Glossopharyngeal Motor - Stylopharyngeus
nerve Sensory mucosa of pharynx
IV Superior laryngeal Cricothyroid
nerve
VI Recurrent laryngeal Intrinsic muscles of larynx
nerve Cartilages of pharyngeal arches 1st arch = Meckels cartilage - Ventral portion = mandibular process - Dorsal portion = malleus & incus - In between part only perichondrium persists anterior ligament of malleus, sphenomandibular ligament - Mesenchyme of dorsal portion maxillary process premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone, part of temporal bone Reicherts cartilage Dorsal end stapes styloid process of temporal bone Ventral end lesser cornu & upper part of body of hyoid bone Part b/w perichondrium stylohyoid ligament 3rd arch = ventral part greater cornu & lower part of body of hyoid bone 4th arch & 6th arch cartilages of larynx except epiglottis Arteries of Arch Arch Artery I Maxillary artery II Hyoid and stapedial artery III Common carotid artery Internal carotid artery IV Aortic arch ( left side) Subclavian artery( right side)
VI Ductus areriosus ( left side)
Pulmonary artery ( right side) First Pharyngeal pouch Elongates to form diverticulum tubotympanic recess Distal part = expands = middle ear cavity & mastoid antrum Proximal part = remains tubular =eustachian tube / pharyngotympanic tube Second pharyngeal pouch Endoderm proliferates number of tiny solid buds extend to mesoderm mesoderm condenses around this bud buds break down to form tonsillar crypts Endoderm forms stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium lining crypts on pharyngeal surface Mesoderm forms lymphoid tissue, fibrous capsule, connective tissue Intratonsillar cleft Third pharyngeal pouch Expands and differentiates to Dorsal bulbar part = parathyrid III or inferior parathyroid Ventral tubular part = thymus Both loose connection with pharynx Fourth pharyngeal pouch Dorsal bulbar part superior parathyroid gland 5th pouch gets incorporated with 4th pouch and forms caudal pharyngeal complex Neural crest migrate to it forming parafollicular cells Pharyngeal clefts 4 in no Only first cleft gives rise to definitive structure external auditory meatus Other clefts obliterated Cervical sinus Branchial cyst & fistula Pharyngeal membranes 4 in no Present b/w arches 3 layers Only first forms definitive structure tympanic membrane Remaining disappears First arch syndromes Due to lack of migration of neural crest cells Present with facial anomalies They are Treacher Collins syndrome - Pierre Robin Syndrome - DiGeorge syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome Pierre Robin Syndrome DiGeorge syndrome
