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Chapter 3 Cell Division

This document discusses cell division and its importance. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis and meiosis. [1] Mitosis occurs in body cells and produces new cells for growth and tissue repair. It ensures each daughter cell has the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. [2] Meiosis occurs in sex cells and produces gametes for reproduction. It reduces the chromosome number by half to allow fertilization to restore the diploid number. Crossing over in meiosis also produces genetic variation between offspring.

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Che Norasiykin
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
188 views120 pages

Chapter 3 Cell Division

This document discusses cell division and its importance. There are two main types of cell division - mitosis and meiosis. [1] Mitosis occurs in body cells and produces new cells for growth and tissue repair. It ensures each daughter cell has the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. [2] Meiosis occurs in sex cells and produces gametes for reproduction. It reduces the chromosome number by half to allow fertilization to restore the diploid number. Crossing over in meiosis also produces genetic variation between offspring.

Uploaded by

Che Norasiykin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 3 Heredity And Variation

3.1 Cell Division


Pembahagian Sel

ITeach Science Form 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division

Cell
CellDivision
Division
Important for

Reproduction

Growth of any organism

Type
TypeOf
OfCell
CellDivision
Division

Mitosis

Meiosis

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel

Pembahagian
PembahagianSel
Sel
Penting dalam

Pembiakan

Pertumbuhan organisma

Jenis
Jenispembahagian
pembahagiansel
sel

Mitosis

Meiosis

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division
Cell Division Chromosomes and Genes

Cell membrance Nucleus membrance

Cytoplasm Nucleus

Animal cell

Gene Gene
Nucleus of a cell contains many small
tread-like structures called chromosomes.
Part of a DNA
molecule
Chromosomes are made up of
uncoiled to
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein.
show genes
Chromosomes contain hereditary material
called genes.

Gene is heritable characteristic which


passes on hereditary information from
one generation to another. Example hair
colour, appearance, blood group, etc.
A chromosome
ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel
Pembahagian Sel Kromosom Dan Gen

Membran Sel Membran Nukleus

Sitoplasma Nukleus

Sel Haiwan

Gen Gen
Nukleus mengandungi banyak kromosom
yang berbentuk bebenang halus.
Sebahagian
daripada
Kromosom terdiri daripada asid
molekul DNA
deoksiribonukleik (DNA) dan protein.
membuka
untuk
Kromosom mempunyai bahan pewarisan
menunjukkan
yang dikenali sebagai gen.
gen.
Gen ialah unit pewarisan yang boleh
menurunkan maklumat genetik dari satu
generasi ke generasi seterusnya.
Contoh: warna rambut, kumpulan darah,
wajah dan sebagainya.
Kromosom
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division

Mitosis
Mitosis

Occurs in all somatic cell (body cells)

Occurs at the tip of root and shoot of plants

To form new cells for growth.

To form new cells to replace damaged or dead cell or


tissues.

Importance of To enable hereditary material in parent cell to be


mitosis passed on to daughter cell.

To ensure number of chromosomes of daughter cell


same as parent cell.

To enable asexual reproduction such as binary fission.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel

Mitosis
Mitosis

Berlaku di dalam sel soma (sel badan)

Berlaku di hujung akar dan pucuk tumbuhan

Menghasilkan sel baru untuk pertumbuhan.

Menghasilkan sel baru untuk mengganti sel atau tisu


yang rosak atau mati.

Kepentingan Menjamin bahan pewarisan dalam sel induk


mitosis diturunkan kepada sel anak.

Memastikan bilangan kromosom sel anak adalah


sama dengan sel induk.

Membolehkan pembiakan aseks seperti belahan


dedua.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division

Meiosis
Meiosis

Occurs only in reproductive cell.

Occurs in the testis of a male and the ovary of female who have attained
sexual maturity.

Occurs in the anther and ovary of plants.

To produce gametes for reproduction.

To produce variation among species of the same


organism.
Importance of
meiosis
Crossing over occurs where chromatics overlaps with one
another and exchange of genetic material takes place.
To ensure number of chromosomes in the zygote is diploid
(2n) same as their parent when sperm fuses with ovum
during fertilisation.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel

Meiosis
Meiosis

Berlaku di sel-sel organ pembiakan sahaja.

Berlaku di testis (lelaki) dan ovari (perempuan) yang telah mencapai


kematangan seksual.

Berlaku di anter dan ovari tumbuhan.

Menghasilkan gamet untuk pembiakan.

Menghasilkan variasi di kalangan spesis yang sama.


Kepentingan
meiosis Pindah silang berlaku apabila satu kromatid bertindih
dengan kromatid yang lain lalu berlaku pertukaran
maklumat genetik.
Menjamin bilangan kromosom zigot adalah sama seperti
induk (2n, diploid) selepas sperma bersenyawa dengan
ovum.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division

Parent cell Stages Of Mitosis


Chromosome Nuclear
Parent cell with two pairs of chromosomes.
membrane
Chromosomes in the nucleus shorten, thicken and are
Centromere more visible.
Chromatid Replication of chromosomes occur. Each chromosome
copies in an extra set of genetic information.
Each chromosome consists of a pair of chromatids
Centriole
joined by a centromere.

Spindle Spindle threads emerge.


thread Nucleus membrane disappears.
Spindle formation is completed.
Chromosome arrange themselves at the centre
(equator) of the cell.
Chromatids separate at the centromere and are pulled
to the opposite poles of the cell by the spindle threads.
Cell starts to divide.
Nucleus membrane forms again to surround each set of
chromosomes.
Two daughter cells are formed.
Daughter cell has two pairs of chromosomes just like the
Daughter parent cell.
cell
ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel

Sel induk Peringkat-peringkat Mitosis


Kromosom Membran
Sel induk dengan dua pasang kromosom.
nukleus
Kromosom dalam nukleus menebal, memendek dan
Sentromer jelas kelihatan.
Kromatid Berlakunya replikasi kromosom. Setiap kromosom
menyalin satu set maklumat genetik.
Setiap kromosom mempunyai sepasang kromatid yang
Sentriol
disambungkan oleh sentromer.

Gentian Gentian gelendong terbentuk.


gelendong Membran nukleus hilang.

Pembentukan gelendong lengkap.


Kromosom tersusun di sepanjang satah khatulistiwa.
Kromatid berpisah di sentromer dan tertarik ke kutub
yang bertentangan oleh gentian gelendong.

Sel mula membahagi.


Membran nukleus terbentuk di sekeliling setiap
kumpulan kromosom.
Dua sel anak terhasil.
Setiap sel anak mempunyai dua pasang kromosom
Sel anak seperti sel induk.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Parent Cell Division
cell
Chromosome Meiosis involves two stages of cell
Stages Of Meiosis
division.
Parent cell with two pairs of chromosomes.
Chromosomes shorten and thicken.
Replication of chromosomes occur.
Centromere
Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined by a centromere.
Meiosis I Homologous chromosomes pair up.
Crossing-over occurs on chromatids.
Exchange of genetic material takes place.
Nuclear membrane disappears.
Chromosomes arrange themselves in equator of the cell.
Homologous chromosome separates and moves to the opposite pole
of cells.
Cell begins to divide. Nuclear membrane reforms.
Two daughter cells are produced.
Chromosomes arrange themselves in the equator of new cell.
Nuclear membrane disappear.

Meiosis II Chromatid separates and moves to the opposite pole of the cells.
Chromatid now becomes chromosome.
Cell begins to divide.
Nuclear membrane reforms again.
Four daughter cells are formed.
Each daughter cell has different genetic information.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Sel Pembahagian Sel
induk
Kromosom Meiosis melibatkan dua peringkat
Peringkat-peringkat Meiosis
pembahagian sel.
Sel induk dengan dua pasang kromosom.
Kromosom memendek dan menebal.
Berlakunya replikasi kromosom.
Sentromer
Setiap kromosom terdiri daripada dua kromatid yang disambungkan
Meiosis I oleh sentromer.
Pemasangan kromosom homolog.
Pindah silang berlaku di kromatid.
Pertukaran bahan genetik.
Membran nukleus hilang.
Kromosom tersusun di satah khatulistiwa.
Kromosom homolog berpisah dan bergerak ke kutub bertentangan.
Sel mula membahagi. Membran nukleus membentuk
Dua sel anak dihasilkan. semula.
Kromosom tersusun di satah khatulistiwa.
Membran nukleus hilang.
Kromatid berpisah dan bergerak ke kutub bertentangan.
Meiosis II Kromatid bertukar menjadi kromosom.
Sel mula membahagi.
Membran nukleus membentuk semula.
Empat sel anak terhasil.
Setiap sel anak membawa maklumat genetik yang berbeza.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division

Similarities Between Mitosis And Meiosis

Cell division occurs.

Replication of chromosome occur once only.

New cells are produced.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel

Persamaan Antara Mitosis Dan Meiosis

Pembahagian sel berlaku.

Replikasi kromosom hanya berlaku sekali.

Sel anak akan terhasil pada akhir proses pembahagian.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division

Differences Between Mitosis And Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Occurs in somatic cell to produce new Occurs in reproductive organ to produce


bodys cell. gametes
Number of chromosomes in the daughter Number of chromosomes in the daughter
cell is same as the parent cell. cell is half of what the parent cell has.
Two daughter cells are produced in each Four daughter cells are produced in each
cell division process. cell division process.

Crossing over does not happen. Crossing over happens.

Cell division occurs one only. Cell division occurs twice.

Daughter cell has the same genetic make- Daughter cell has different genetic make-up
up compare to the parent cell. compare to the parent cell.
Importance for growth and asexual Importance to produce gametes for sexual
reproduction. reproduction.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel

Perbezaan Antara Mitosis Dan Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Berlaku di sel soma untuk menghasilkan sel Berlaku di organ pembiakan untuk
yang baru. menghasilkan gamet.
Anak sel mempunyai bilangan kromosom Bilangan kromosom dalam sel anak adalah
yang sama dengan sel induk. separuh daripada sel induk.
Setiap proses pembahagian sel Setiap proses pembahagian sel
menghasilkan dua sel anak. menghasilkan empat sel anak.

Pindah silang tidak berlaku. Pindah silang berlaku.

Sel induk membahagi dua kali secara


Sel induk membahagi sekali sahaja.
berterusan.
Sel anak mempunyai maklumat genetik Sel anak membawa maklumat genetik yang
yang sama dengan sel induk. berbeza dengan sel induk.
Untuk menghasilkan gamet dan pembiakan
Untuk pertumbuhan dan pembiakan aseks.
seks.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Cell Division

The Importance Of Mitosis And Meiosis In Human


Male (diploid, 2n) Female (diploid, 2n)
(46 chromosomes) (46 chromosomes)

Sperm (haploid, n) Ovum (haploid, n)


(23 chromosomes) (23 chromosomes)

Fertilisation Sperm fuses with ovum

Zygote (diploid, 2n)

(46 chromosomes)

Foetus

Baby
Mitosis

Child

Adult

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Pembahagian Sel

Kepentingan Mitosis Dan Meiosis Bagi Manusia


Lelaki (diploid, 2n) Perempuan (diploid, 2n)
(46 kromosom) (46 kromosom)

Sperma (haploid, n) Ovum (haploid, n)


(23 kromosom) (23 kromosom)

Persenyawaan Sperma bergabung dengan ovum

Zigot (diploid, 2n)

(46 kromosom)

Fetus

Bayi
Mitosis

Kanak-kanak

Dewasa

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation

3.2 The Principles And Mechanism Of Inheritance


Prinsip Dan Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat

ITeach Science Form 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
The Principles And Mechanism Of Inheritance

Dommant Genes And Recessive Genes

Chromosomes are made up of DNA molecules.

DNA consists of genes.

Genes carry genetic information which determine traits or characteristics.


Example : One from father, another one from mother

Genes of a characteristics exist in pair


Example : Tt T = Tall t = Short

Dominant genes are genes which show the characteristics that they control
when paired with a dommant gene or another recessive gene.
Example : T : Tall gene which is dominant.
t : Short gene which is recessive.
TT and Tt are the pair of genes which show tall characteristic.

Recessive genes are genes which only show the characteristics that they
control when paired with another recessive gene.
Eg : tt is the pair of genes which show short characteristics.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Prinsip Dan Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat

Gen Dominan Dan Gen Resesif

Kromosom terdiri daripada molekul DNA.

DNA mengandungi banyak gen.

Gen-gen membawa maklumat genetik yang menentukan sifat dan ciri.


Contoh : satu daripada bapa, satu daripada ibu.

Satu sifat tertentu pada manusia dikawal oleh sepasang gen.


Contoh : Tt T = Tinggi t = Kerdil

Gen dominan adalah gen kuat yang boleh melindungi ciri gen resesif yang
berpasangan dengannya.
Contoh : T = Gen tinggi yang merupakan dominan.
t = Gen kerdil yang merupakan resesif.
TT dan Tt adalah pasangan gen yang menunjukkan ciri tinggi.

Gen resesif adalah gen lemah yang hanya menunjukkan ciri-cirinya apabila
berpasangan sesamanya.
Contoh : tt adalah pasangan gen yang menunjukkan ciri kerdil.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
The Principles And Mechanism Of Inheritance

Human Characteristic That Controlled By The Genes

Human Characteristic Controlled Human Characteristic Controlled


By Dominant Genes By Recessive Genes

Tall Dwarf

Curly hair Straight hair

Free ear lobe Attached ear lobe

Black hair Blond hair

Able to roll tongue Unable to roll tongue

Right-handed Left-handed

Black or brown iris Blue iris

Pigments in skin Albino

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Prinsip Dan Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat

Sifat Manusia Yang Dikawal Oleh Gen

Sifat Manusia Yang Dikawal Oleh Gen Sifat Manusia Yang Dikawal Oleh Gen
Dominan Resesif

Tinggi Kerdil

Rambut kerinting Rambut lurus

Cuping telinga bebas Cuping telinga lekap ke pipi

Rambut berwarna hitam Rambut berwarna perang

Boleh menggulung lidah Tidak boleh menggulung lidah

Tidak buta warna Buta warna

Iris hitam Iris biru

Mempunyai lesung pipi Tidak mempunyai lesung pipi

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
The Principles And Mechanism Of Inheritance
Mechanism Of Trait Inheritance - cross bred
between tall pea plants (pure breed) with short
pea plants (pure breed)

Schematic diagram between two different characteristic of pure breed

Parental
phenotype Tall (pure breed) Dwarf (pure breed)

Parental
genotype

Meiosis

Gametes
Fertilisation

First filial generation,


F1 genotype
F1 phenotype Tall Tall Tall Tall

100% first filial generation plants are tall. This show that T tall trait is controlled by
the dominant gene, and t short trait is controlled by recessive gene.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Prinsip Dan Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat
Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat- kacukan antara
pokok kacang pea baka tinggi tulen dengan
pokok kacang pea baka kerdil tulen
Rajah skema menunjukkan kacukan antara dua pokok baka tulen
yang mempunyai sifat berlainan

Fenotip induk Pokok Tinggi (baka tulen) Pokok Kerdil (baka tulen)

Genotip induk

Meiosis

Gamet
Persenyawaan

Generasi pertama,
genotip F1
Fenotip F1 Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi
100% pokok yang terhasil dalam generasi pertama adalah tinggi. Ini menunjukkan
sifat tinggi dikawal oleh gen dominan, T dan sifat kerdil dikawal oleh gen resesif, t.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
The Principles And Mechanism Of Inheritance

Mechanism Of Trait Inheritance - The cross-


bred between first filial generation F (hybrids)

Schematic diagram of mohobybrid cross.


Parental
phenotype Tall plant (hybrid) Tall plant (hybrid)

F 1 genotype

Meiosis

Gametes

Fertilisation
Second filial generation,
F2 genotype
F2 phenotype Tall Tall Tall Dwarf

Ratio of genotype : 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt 25% of second filral generation plants


Ratio of phenotype : 3 Tall : 1 Dwarf are short.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Prinsip Dan Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat
Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat - Kacukan
Monohibrid Antara Pokok-pokok Dari Generasi
Pertama

Rajah skema menunjukkan kacukan monohibrid

Fenotip F1 Pokok Tinggi (hibrid) Pokok Tinggi (hibrid)

Genotip
1 F1

Meiosis

Gamet

Persenyawaan
Generasi kedua,
genotip F2
Fenotip F2 Tinggi Tinggi Tinggi Kerdil

Nisbah genotip = 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt 25% pokok-pokok yang terhasil dalam


Nisbah fenotip = 3 Tinggi : 1 Kerdil generasi kedua adalah kerdil.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
The Principles And Mechanism Of Inheritance

Mechanism Of Trait Inheritance - Human Begins


If a curly hair man (Cc) marries a straight hair woman (cc), determine the probability
of child being born curly.

[ C : dominant gene (curly hair) c : recessive gene (straight) ]

Parent
Meiosis

Gamates C
Fertilisation
Genotype of
offspring
Phenotype of Curly Curly Straight Straight
offspring hair hair hair hair
1
The probability of obtaining a curly hair child is 50% or
2
ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Prinsip Dan Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat

Mekanisme Pewarisan Sifat - Manusia


Jika seorang lelaki yang berambut kerinting (Cc) berkahwin dengan seorang
perempuan yang berambut lurus (cc), apakah kebarangkalian anak yang dilahirkan
akan berambut kerinting?
[ C : gen dominan (rambut kerinting) c : gen resesif (rambut lurus) ]

Ibu bapa
Meiosis

Gamat C
Persenyawaan

Genotip anak

Fenotip anak Rambut Rambut Rambut Rambut


kerinting kerinting lurus lurus
1
Kebarangkalian mendapat anak berambut kerinting adalah 50% atau
2

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation

3.3 Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins


Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada
Manusia

ITeach Science Form 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Sex Chromosomes In Human Beings

Human somatic
Human somatic cell
cell has
has 23
23 pairs
pairs of
of chromosomes
chromosomes or
or 46
46
chromosomes.
chromosomes.

22 pairs
22 pairs are
are autosomes
autosomes and
and pair
pair is
is sex
sex chromosomes.
chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes determine
determine the
the gender
gender of
of an
an individual.
individual.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Kromosom Seks Manusia

Sel soma
Sel soma manusia
manusia mempunyai
mempunyai 23
23 pasang
pasang kromosom
kromosom atau
atau
46 kromosom.
46 kromosom.

22 pasang
22 pasang adalah
adalah autosom
autosom dan
dan sepasang
sepasang adalah
adalah kromosom
kromosom
seks.
seks.

kromosom seks
kromosom seks menentukan
menentukan seks
seks seseorang
seseorang sama
sama ada
ada lelaki
lelaki
atau perempuan.
atau perempuan.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Male

has 44 autosomes + XY in somatic cell

44 + XY
chromosomes
meiosis
produces gametes sperm

22 + Y 22 + X
Chromosome Chromosome

Karyotype of male
(22 pairs + XY)

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Lelaki

mempunyai 44 autosom + XY dalam sel soma

44 + XY
Kromosom
meiosis
Menghasilkan gamet sperma

22 + Y 22 + X
Kromosom Kromosom

Kariotip lelaki
(22 pasang + XY)

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Female

has 44 autosomos + XX in somatic cell

44 + XX
chromosomes
meiosis
produces gametes ovum

22 + X
Chromosome

Karyotype of female
(22 pairs + XX)

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Perempuan

Mempunyai 44 autosom + XX dalam sel soma

44 + XX
Kromosom
meiosis
Menghasilkan gamet ovum

22 + X
Kromosom

Karotip perempuan
(22 pasang + XX)

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Sex Determination

Male produces two types of sperm: (22 + Y) and (22+X).

Female produce one type of ovum: (22 + X).

Father (testis) Mother (ovary)

Parents 44 + XY 44 + XX

Meiosis
(sperm) (ovum)
Gametes 22 + X 22 + Y 22 + X 22 + X

Fertilisation

Offspring 44 + XX 44 + XX 44 + XY 44 + XY

Gender Female Female Male Male

Sex of a baby is determined by the type of sperm that fertilises the ovum.

Theoretically, the chance of getting a male or female child is 50%.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Penentuan Seks

Lelaki menghasilkan dua jenis sperma : (22 + Y) dan (22+X).

Perempuan menghasilkan sejenis ovum : (22 + X).

Bapa (testis) Ibu (ovari)

Ibu bapa 44 + XY 44 + XX

Meiosis
(sperma) (ovum)
Gamet 22 + X 22 + Y 22 + X 22 + X

Persenyawaan

Anak 44 + XX 44 + XX 44 + XY 44 + XY

Jantina Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki

Jantina bayi ditentukan oleh jenis sperma yang mempersenyawakan ovum.


Kebarangkalian untuk mendapat anak lelaki atau perempuan adalah sama iaitu
50%.
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Formation Of Identical Twins

One ovum is fertilised by one sperm and produces one zygote.

The single zygote immediately undergoes mitosis and develops into two
embryos sharing one placenta.
embryo A
1 sperm + 1 ovum 1 zygote
embryo B

placenta

sperm
2 separate
embryos

One ovum is Zygote divides


released and Foetus share the
under mitosis same placenta
fertilised

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Pembentukan Kembar Seiras

Satu ovum disenyawakan oleh satu sperma dan menghasilkan satu zigot.

Zigot itu dengan segeranya mengalami mitosis lalu berkembang menjadi dua
embrio yang berkongsi satu plasenta.
embrio A
1 sperma + 1 ovum 1 zigot
embrio B

plasenta

sperma
2 embrio
berasingan

Satu ovum Zigot membahagi


dibebas dan Fetus berkongsi
melalui mitosis plasenta yang
disenyawakan sama

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Formation Of Non-Identical Twins

Two ova are fertilized by two sperms, produces two zygotes.

Two zygotes develop into two embryos with two separate placenta.

Sperm P + Ovum X zygote U

Sperm Q + Ovum Y zygote V

placenta

embryo
zygote

Two ova are zygote divides Each foetus has


own placenta
released and under mitosis
fertilised
separately

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Pembentukan Kembar Tak Seiras

Dua ovum disenyawakan oleh dua sperma dan menghasilkan dua zigot.

Kedua-dua zigot berkembang menjadi dua embrio dalam plasenta yang


berlainan.
Sperma P + Ovum X Zigot U

Sperma Q + Ovum Y Zigot V

plasenta

embrio
zigot

Dua ovum dibebas Zigot membahagi Setiap fetus mempunyai


plasenta sendiri.
dan disenyawakan melalui mitosis
secara berasingan.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Siamese Twins

Siamese twins are basically identical twins which are joined together in certain
part of their body because of the zygote failed to separate completely into two
embryos.
Siamese twins may and share one of the organ such as heart, brain, kidney,
lungs and digestive system.
Operation to separate siamese twins may be successful if they have their own
internal organs.

One ovum is Zygote divides 2 embryos 2 foetus attached


released and under mitosis attached and share same
fertilised uncompletely placenta
Example of
Siamese Twins

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Kembar Siam

Kembar Siam adalah kembar seiras yang sebahagian badan mereka bersatu
kerana zigot gagal terpisah secara sempurna kepada dua embrio.

Kebanyakan kembar siam berkongsi salah satu organ seperti jantung, otak,
ginjal, peparu, dan sistem pencernaan.
Pembahagian kembar Siam melalui pembedahan mungkin berjaya jika kembar
tersebut mempunyai organ dalaman sendiri.

Satu ovum Zigot membahagi Dua embrio Dua fetus terikat


dibebas dan secara tidak terlekat bersama bersama dan
disenyawakan. sempurna melalui berkongsi plasenta
mitosis yang sama Contoh kembar
Siam

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Sex Determination And The Occurrence Of Twins In Human

Similarities And Differences Between Identical And Non-Identical Twins

Similarities

Both twins are formed at Each ovum is fertilised


the same time. by one sperm.

Identical
IdenticalTwins
Twins Differences Non-Identical
Non-IdenticalTwins
Twins

One ovum is fertilised by one sperm, Two ova are fertilised by two sperm,
forms one zygote, then immediately form two zygotes and develop into 2
divide into two embryos. embryos.

Two foetuses share one placenta. Foetus has own placenta.

Same genetic content. Different genetic content.

Similar gender. Different gender.

Similar characteristics / traits. Different characteristics / traits.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Penentuan Seks Anak Dan Kejadian Kembar Pada Manusia

Persamaan Dan Perbezaan Antara Kembar Seiras Dengan Kembar Tak Seiras

Persamaan

Kedua-dua kembar Ovum hanya


terbentuk pada masa disenyawakan oleh satu
yang sama. sperma.

Kembar
KembarSeiras
Seiras Perbezaan Kembar
KembarTak
TakSeiras
Seiras

Satu ovum disenyawakan oleh satu Dua ovum disenyawakan oleh dua
sperma, membentuk satu zigot lalu sperma, membentuk dua zigot lalu
membahagi menjadi dua embrio. berkembang menjadi dua embrio.
Setiap fetus mempunyai plasenta
Dua fetus berkongsi satu plasenta.
sendiri.

Kandungan genetik yang sama. Kandungan genetik yang berbeza

Jantina yang sama. Jantina yang sama atau berbeza.

Trait yang sama. Trait yang berbeza.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

3.4 Mutation
Mutasi

ITeach Science Form 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Mutation And Type Of Mutation

Mutation is the spontaneous changes that occur to the gene or


chromosomes which can alter the human traits.

Mutation can occurs in

b) gametes cells which


a) somatic cells which will
may cause changed in
not be passed on to the
traits inherited by the
next generation.
future generation.

Organisms that have undergone mutation are called mutants.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Jenis Mutasi

Mutasi adalah perubahan spontan yang berlaku dalam struktur gen


atau kromosom yang boleh mempengaruhi sifat manusia.

Mutasi berlaku pada : -

b) Sel gamet akan


a) Sel soma tidak akan
diturunkan kepada
diturunkan kepada
generasi akan datang dan
generasi akan datang
mempengaruhi sifatnya.

Organisma yang mengalami mutasi dikenali sebagai mutan.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Chromosomes Mutation

is referred to the changes in the number of chromosomes, or


in the structure of chromosomes.

Change in number of chromosomes Change in structure of chromosomes


organism may has more or less during crossing over
chromosome than normal due to Deletion of gene Inversion of genes
failure during meiosis cell division. A chromosomes A A
B B B
C gene A
C C
B F
Example E
C
D D
G E
G G
Parent H
D H
H
F
G
E I H
I F I I
46 chromosomes
Duplication of gene Translocation
A A A
B W
B W
meiosis B
C C
X
X
C Y
24 22 D
D
D Y
E Z
chromosome chromosome E F
E Z
s s F G F G
G H G H
abnormal gametes H I H
non-
homologous I
I G I chromosomes
H
I

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Mutasi Kromosom

Merujuk kepada perubahan bilangan kromosom, atau


dalam struktur kromosom.

Perubahan bilangan kromosom Perubahan dalam struktur kromosom


Organisma berlebihan atau semasa pindah silang
kekurangan bilangan kromosom Pelenyapan gen Penyongsangan gen
kerana kegagalan pengagihan A kromosom A A
B B B
semasa meiosis. C gen C C
A
B F
Contoh E
C
D D
G E
G G
Ibu bapa H
D H
H
F
G
E I H
I F I I
46 kromosom
Penggandaan gen Translokasi gen
A A A
B W
B W
meiosis B
C
C
X
X
C D Y
D D Y
E Z
24 kromosom 22 kromosom E F
E Z
F G F G
G H G H
Gamet abnormal H I H
Kromosom
I
bukan
I G I homolog
H
I

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Example Of Chromosomes Mutation

An additional chromosome to the 21st chromosomes.

Individual with Downs syndrome has 47 chromosomes.

Karyotype of an individual with Downs syndrome

A Downs syndrome individual is physically and mentally


retarded with flat round face, short but broad hands, flat
nose and slanted eyes.
ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Contoh Mutasi Kromosom

Mempunyai kromosom tambahan pada pasangan


kromosom ke-21.

Individu sindrom Down mempunyai 47 kromosom.

Kariotip individu sindrom Down

Ciri-ciri individu sindrom Down adalah seperti terencat


akal, mata sendeng ke bawah, mulut ternganga, batang
hidung yang pendek, dahi yang lebar, berbadan pendek
dan gempal.
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Example Of Chromosomes Mutation

Caused by an additional X sex chromosome in a male.

Individual with Klinefelters syndrome has genotype of 44 + XXY

Karyotype of an individual with Klinefelters syndrome

A Klinefelters syndrome individual is a male with some female


characteristics such as:-
enlarged breasts narrow shoulders wide hips
little body hair small testis and infertile
ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Contoh Mutasi Kromososm

Disebabkan oleh berlebihan kromosom seks X pada seorang lelaki.

Genotip individu sindrom Klinefelter adalah 44 + XXY

Kariotip individu sindrom Klinefelter

Individu sindrom Klinefelter adalah seorang lelaki yang mempunyai


ciri-ciri kewanitaan seperti :-
Buah dada membesar Bahu sempit Punggung besar
Bulu badan sedikit testis kecil dan tidak subur
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Example Of Chromosomes Mutation

Caused by a deletion of a X sex chromosome in a female instead of


the normal two.
Individual with Turners syndrome has genotype of 44+ XO

Karyotype of an individual with Turners syndrome

A Turners syndrome individual is a sterile female, as her reproductive


organs are not functional.
ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Contoh Mutasi Kromososm

Disebabkan oleh kehilangan kromosom seks X pada seorang


perempuan.
Genotip individu sindrom Turner adalah 44+ XO

Kariotip individu sindrom Turner

Perempuan yang mengalami sindrom Turner adalah mandul kerana


organ pembiakannya tidak boleh berfungsi seperti normal.
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Gene Mutation

is referred to the changes in the


chemical composition of a gene.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Mutasi Gen

Merujuk kepada perubahan dalam


komposisi kimia dalam gen.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation
Example Of Gene Mutation

Unable to differentiate colours between red and green.


Caused by the mutation of the gene for colour vision which caused by the existence of
recessive gene.
The recessive gene is found in X chromosome which is more common to happen in male
than female, due to males having only one X chromosome.
Colour blindness also called as sex-linked disease.

Inheritance of colour blindness


Xb: colour-blindness recessive gene X : normal vision
Normal Father Carrier Mother
Parents XY XXb

Meiosis

Gametes X Y X Xb

Fertilisation

Offspring XX XXb XY XbY


Normal daughter Carrier daughter Normal son Colourblindness son
Sex-linked disease more common happen in male
For female to have sex-linked disease she must has both X b : disease recessive gen

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi
Contoh Mutasi Gen

Tidak dapat membezakan warna merah dan hijau.

Mutasi gen untuk penglihatan warna yang disebabkan oleh kehadiran gen resesif.
Gen resesif terdapat pada kromosom X. Lelaki lebih cenderung mengalami masalah
tersebut kerana lelaki mempunyai hanya satu kromosom X berbanding dengan
perempuan yang mempunyai dua kromosom X.
Buta warna juga dikenali sebagai penyakit terangkai seks.

Pewarisan buta warna


Xb: gen resesif buta warna X : penglihatan normal
Bapa normal Ibu pembawa
Ibu bapa XY XXb

Meiosis

Gamet X Y X Xb

Persenyawaan

Anak XX XXb XY XbY


Anak perempuan Anak perempuan Anak lelaki Anal lelaki
normal pembawa normal buta warna
Penyakit terangkai seks lebih kerap dialami oleh lalaki daripada perempuan.
Perempuan akan mengalami masalah itu jika dia mempunyai dua X b : penyakit gen resesif

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Example Of Gene Mutation

Lack
Lack of
of aa protein
protein in
in the
the blood
blood that
that isis needed
needed for
for blood-
blood-
clothing.
clothing.

AA sex-linked
sex-linked disease
disease due
due to
to recessive
recessive gene
gene in
in XX
chromosomes.
chromosomes.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Contoh Mutasi Gen

Kekurangan
Kekurangan sejenis
sejenis protein
protein yang
yang diperlukan
diperlukan semasa
semasa
pembekuan
pembekuandarah.
darah.

Merupakan
Merupakan penyakit
penyakit terangkai
terangkai seks
seks kerana
kerana gen
gen resesif
resesif
ada
adapada
padakromosom
kromosomX. X.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Example Of Gene Mutation

Changes
Changesininthe
thegene
genethat
thatcontrols
controls skin
skincolour.
colour.The
Thegene
genecannot
cannot
produce
produceskin
skinpigment
pigmentininthe
theskin,
skin,hair
hairand
andiris.
iris.

This
Thisisisdue
dueto
tomutant
mutantgene
genewhich
whichisisrecessive
recessiveand
andisisfound
foundininan
an
autosomes.
autosomes.

Individual
Individualwho
whosuffer
sufferfrom
fromalbinisms
albinismsisiscalled
calledalbino.
albino.

Albinos
Albinosget
getsunburn
sunburnvery
veryeasily
easilyand
andvery
veryprone
proneto
toskin
skincancer.
cancer.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Contoh Mutasi Gen

Perubahan
Perubahan dalam
dalam gen
gen yang
yang mengawal
mengawal warna
warna kulit.
kulit. Gen
Gen itu
itu
menghasilkan
menghasilkanpigmen
pigmendalam
dalamkulit,
kulit,rambut
rambutdan
daniris.
iris.

Gen
Genmutan
mutanadalah
adalahresesif
resesifdan
danterdapat
terdapatpada
padaautosom.
autosom.

Individu
Individu yang
yang mengalami
mengalami masalah
masalah albinisme
albinisme dikenali
dikenali sebagai
sebagai
albino.
albino.

Albino
Albinolebih
lebihcenderung
cenderungmendapat
mendapatkanser
kanserkulit.
kulit.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Heredity And Variation
Mutation

Example Of Gene Mutation

Changes
Changesininthe
thegene
genethat
thatproduces
produceshaemoglobin.
haemoglobin.

Reduces
Reducesthe
theefficiency
efficiencyof
ofhaemoglobin
haemoglobinto
tocarry
carryoxygen.
oxygen.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Contoh Mutasi Gen

Perubahan
Perubahandalam
dalamgen
genyang
yangmenghasilkan
menghasilkanhemoglobin.
hemoglobin.

Kecekapan
Kecekapan pengangkutan
pengangkutan oksigen
oksigen oleh
oleh hemoglobin
hemoglobin
terjejas.
terjejas.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Mutation

Causes Of Mutation

Mutation is a spontaneously change arise as the result of errors during cell


division.

It can be induced by external factors called mutagens.

Example of mutagens.

Radioactive radiations X-rays and Ultraviolet rays


Such as alpha, beta and gamma Have high penetration power
radiation can penetrate the which can destroy living cells and
nucleus of the cell and change lead to cancers.
the structure of gene and
chromosome in the nucleus.

Chemical
Such as mustard gas, benzene,
insecticide, pesticides and dioxin
can damage DNA and cause
mutation or cancer.
ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi
Faktor-faktor Yang Menyebabkan
Mutasi

Mutasi adalah perubahan secara spontan yang diakibatkan oleh kesilapan


yang terjadi semasa pembahagian sel.

Ia boleh diaruhkan oleh faktor luaran yang dikenali sebagai mutagen.

Contoh mutagen : -

Sinaran radioaktif Sinar-X dan sinar ultralembayung


Seperti sinar alfa, sinar beta dan Boleh menembusi dan
sinar gama yang boleh memusnahkan sel hidup lalu
menembusi nukleus sel dan menyebabkan kanser.
mengubah struktur gen atau
kromosom.

Bahan kimia
Seperti asap rokok, benzena,
pestisid, racun serangga dan
formaldehid yang boleh
memusnahkan mutasi atau kanser.
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 3 Cell Division

Mutation

The Advantages And Disadvantages of mutation

Advantages Disadvantage

Mutation causes variation in


Diseases caused by mutation
organisms which allow them to
cannot be cured.
adapt better to the environment.

Evolution of new species which are


Mutation causes physical and
more resistance to diseases,
mental defect to organism.
weather and polluted environment.

Diseases such as haemophilia and


sickle cell anaemia caused by
mutation can be fatal.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi
Mutasi

Kelebihan Dan Kelemahan Mutasi

Kelebihan Kelemahan
Menyebabkan variasi dalam
organisma dan membenarkan Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh
mereka menyesuaikan diri dengan mutasi tidak dapat dirawati.
persekitaran.

Menghasilkan spesis yang baru


Mutasi menyebabkan kerosakan
dan lebih resistan kepada
fizikal dan mental kepada
penyakit, cuaca dan pencemaran
organisma.
persekitaran.

Penyakit seperti hemofilia dan


anemia sel sabit boleh membawa
maut.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

3.5 The Effects Of Genetic Research On Human Life


Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

ITeach Science Form 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life


Genetic Research In The
Field Of Medicine

The aim of genetic


research in medicine

Help to identify various Find ways to prevent


hereditary diseases those diseases

Genetic screening enable human to detect those human genes which


cause hereditary diseases like colour-blindness, hoemophilia and
albinism. Earlier knowledge enable human to prevent or tailored such
diseases.

Hereditary disease caused by the change in the number of chromosomes


can be identified through amniotic fluid examination.

Gene therapy enable transfer of normal DNA or genes directly into cells to
replace damaged or mutated genes.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia


Sumbangan Penyelidikan Genetik
Dalam Bidang Perubatan

Tujuan penyelidikan genetik


dalam bidang perubatan

Mengenal pasti pelbagai


Mengelakkan penyakit baka
penyakit baka

Penyaringan genetik membolehkan manusia mengesan gen yang


menyebabkan penyakit baka seperti buta warna, hemofilia dan albinisme
lalu mencegahnya.

Penyakit baka yang disebabkan oleh perubahan bilangan kromosom boleh


dikenal pasti dengan ujian cecair amniotik.

Terapi gen membolehkan pemindahan DNA atau gen normal ke dalam sel
bagi menggantikan gen yang telah rosak atau mengalami mutasi.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Genetic Research In The Field Of Agriculture

The aim genetic research in


agriculture

Improving the quality of bread through


selective breeding.

Bringing in new species with higher


resistance to disease or pests.

To obtain plants or livestocks which can


mature in shorter time, produce higher
yield and remain fresh for longer time.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Sumbangan Penyelidikan Genetik Dalam Bidang Pertanian

Tujuan penyelidikan genetik


dalam bidang pertanian

Meningkatkan kualiti baka melalui


pembiakbakaan.

Menghasilkan spesis baru yang berdaya


tahan dengan serangan penyakit atau
racun perosak dan herba.

Menghasilkan tumbuhan dan haiwan yang


mencapai kematangan dalam tempoh
masa yang singkat dan mampu
menaikkan hasil pertanian.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Selective Breeding

Selective breading is where plants or livestock


are cross-bred from different varieties to
produce new varieties with the desire
characteristic.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Pembiakbakaan

Pembiakbakaan ditakrifkan sebagai tumbuhan


atau haiwan yang dikacukkan bagi
menghasilkan varieti baru yang mempunyai
sifat yang diingini.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Cross-Breed

Obtained from crosses Characteristic of new


New Variety
between variety

Fruit are sweeter, bigger and


Mexico Sweet Corn
more resistant to disease
Taiwan sweet corn
and dry season.

Masmadu corn

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Kacukan Antara Jagung Mexico


Dengan Jagung Taiwan

Kacukan Varieti baru Ciri-ciri

Buah lebih manis


Jagung Mexico Tongkol lebih besar
Jagung Taiwan Lebih tahan penyakit dan
kemarau

Jagung Masmadu

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Cross-Breed

Obtained from crosses Characteristic of new


New Variety
between variety

Bear more fruits and have


Dura Oil Palm 8
thinner shell with thicker
Pisifera Oil Palm
mesocarp

Tenera Oil Palm

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Kacukan Antara Kelapa Sawit Dura


Dengan Kelapa Sawit Pisifera

Kacukan Varieti baru Ciri-ciri

Lebih banyak buah


Kepala sawit Dura
Endokarp lebih nipis
Kelapa sawit Pisifera
Mesokarp lebih tebal

Kepala sawit Tenera

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Cross-Breed

Obtained from crosses Characteristic of new


New Variety
between variety

MR50 Paddy CR261 Good quality rice produce


7039 - 236 higher yield.

MR 84

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Kacukan Padi MR50 Dengan


Padi CR261 - 7039 - 236

Kacukan Varieti baru Ciri-ciri

Kualiti lebih baik


Padi MR50 Padi
Lebih banyak hasil
CR261 - 7039 - 236
tanaman

Padi MR84

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Cross-Breed

Obtained from crosses Characteristic of new


New Variety
between variety

Sunrise Solo Papaya Fruits are sweater and more


Subang 6 Papaya content.

Eksotika papaya

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Kacukan Betik Sunrise Solo


Dengan Betik Subang 6

Kacukan Varieti baru Ciri-ciri

Betik Sunrise Solo Buah lebih manis


Betik Subang 6 Buah lebih berisi

Betik Eksotika

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Cross-Breed

Obtained from crosses Characteristic of new


New Variety
between variety

Produce more milk and are


Local Cow European
more adaptable to the
Cow
change in the environment.

Mafriwal Dairy Cow

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Kacukan Lembu Tempatan


Dengan Lembu European

Kacukan Varieti baru Ciri-ciri

Menghasilkan lebih
banyak susu
Lembu tempatan
Lebih berdaya tahan
Lembu European
dengan perubahan
persekitaran
Lembu Mafriwal

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Cross-Breed

Obtained from crosses Characteristic of new


New Variety
between variety

Bigger in size, mature faster,


Local sheep Sheep
better quality of meat and
From Australia
wool.

Malin X Sheep

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Kacukan Biri-biri Tempatan


Dengan Biri-biri Australia

Kacukan Varieti baru Ciri-ciri

Saiz lebih besar


Cepat mencapai
Biri-biri tempatan
kematangan
Biri-biri Australia
Kualiti daging dan kapas
yang lebih baik

Biri-biri Malin X

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Cross-Breed

Obtained from crosses Characteristic of new


New Variety
between variety

Local Kampung
Chicken Imported Grow and mature faster.
Chicken.

White Leghorn Chicken

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Kacukan Ayam Tempatan


Dengan Ayam Import

Kacukan Varieti baru Ciri-ciri

Ayam kampung
Mencapai kematangan
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ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Technology In Selective Breeding

Artificial Insemination Cloning

Embryo Transplantation Genetic Modification

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Teknologi Pembiakbakaan

Inseminasi Buatan Pengklonan

Transplantasi Embrio Modifikasi Genetik

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Technology In Selective Breeding

Artificial Insemination

Sperms from appropriate male is collected and inserted into the


uterus of an appropriate female.

Fertilisation then occurs in the uterus of the uterus of the


female.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Teknologi Pembiakbakaan

Inseminasi Buatan

Sperma daripada seorang lelaki yang sesuai dikumpul dan


dimasukkan dalam uterus seorang perempuan yang sesuai.

Persenyawaan berlaku di dalam uterus perempuan tersebut.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Technology In Selective Breeding

Embryo Transplantation

Sperms from suitable male is used


Embryo formed is transferred to
to fertilise ovum from suitable
another female.
female.

rectum
embryo

oviductus
ovary

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Teknologi Pembiakbakaan

Transplantasi Embrio

Sperma daripada lelaki yang


Embrio yang terbentuk dipindah ke
sesuai digunakan untuk
dalam uterus perempuan yang
bersenyawa dengan ovum
lain.
daripada perempuan yang sesuai.

rektum
embrio

oviduktus
ovari

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Technology In Selective Breeding

Cloning

Process of producing offspring asexually


from a single parent.

Offspring will have same genetic make up


as their parent

Dolly cloned sheep


ITeach Science Form 4
Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Teknologi Pembiakbakaan

Pengklonan

Proses menghasilkan anak daripada induk


secara aseks.

Anak yang terhasil mempunyai maklumat


genetik yang sama seperti induk.

Biri-biri Dolly
ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4
Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life

Technology In Selective Breeding

Genetic Modification
Genetic Modification

A genetic engineering which can be done on crops or liverstock by


extracting DNA from one organism and injected into another organism
to obtain the desired characteristic.

Example

A gene of certain characteristic is extracted from


weed and injected into potatoes to withstand
certain condition

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia

Teknologi Pembiakbakaan

Modifikasi Genetik
Modifikasi Genetik

Kejuruteraan genetik yang dilakukan ke atas tumbuhan atau haiwan


dengan mengekstrak DNA dari satu organisma lalu disuntik DNA
tersebut ke dalam organisma yang lain demi mendapat sifat yang
diingini.

Contoh

Gen yang mengawal sesuatu sifat diekstrak


daripada rumput lalu disuntik ke dalam kentang
bagi menahan keadaan tertentu.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Effect Of Genetic Research On Human Life


Advantage And Disadvantage
Of Genetic Research

Advantages Disadvantage

Genetically modified foods may


We are able to identity and treat
cause allergies or some other side
hereditary disease at an early stage.
effects.
Selective breeding has led to the Genetic research may lead to the
production of better quality crops extinction of certain species as new
and livestock. varieties replace them.
Genetically modified foods have Possibility of genetically engineered
resulted higher nutritional value, plants with certain characteristics
higher yield and more variety of may transfer to weeds, which may
food. produce superweeds.
Cloning or genetic engineering may
Cloning can be used to produce give rise to moral ethical and
offspring of endangered species to religious problem such as cloning
prevent extinction. human or microorganisms to be
used bio-weapons.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Kesan Penyelidikan Genetik Pada Kehidupan Manusia


Kebaikan Dan Keburukan
Penyelidikan Genetik

Kebaikan Keburukan

Makanan modifikasi genetik


Mengenal pasti dan merawat penyakit
menyebabkan alergi dan kesan-kesan
baka pada peringkat awal.
buruk lain.

Pembiakbakaan menghasilkan hasil Penyelidikan genetik menyebabkan


tanaman dan ternakan yang lebih kepupusan sesetengah spesis kerana
berkualiti. telah diganti oleh varieti baru.

Makanan modifikasi genetik Kemungkinan sifat tertentu tumbuhan


menghasilkan makanan yang lebih yang diubah genetik terpindah kepada
bernutrisi, hasil yang lebih banyak dan rumput lalu menghasilkan rumput yang
menambah varieti makanan. tahan penyakit dan pestisid.

Pengklonan atau kejuruteraan genetik


Pengklonan digunakan untuk mengklon menimbulkan masalah moral, etika dan
spesis terancam bagi mencegah agama seperti pengklonan manusia
kepupusan. atau mikroorganisma yang digunakan
sebagai senjata.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

3.6 Variation
Variasi

ITeach Science Form 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Variation Among Living Things

Variation
Variation

Variation is the
Variation divide into
differences among
continuous and
individuals of the same
discontinuous variation.
species.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Variasi Di Kalangan Hidupan

Variasi
Variasi

Variasi adalan
Variasi terbahagi
perbezaan antara
kepada variasi selanjar
individu-individu dalam
dan variasi tak selanjar.
spesis yang sama.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Variation Among Living Things


Variation

Continuous Variation Discontinuous Variation


Variation that does not show Variation that shows a clear-cut or
definite differences. definite differences.
The differences are in a range The differences in traits may be
between two extremes. Example classified in few groups with
Body weight, height, skin colour, distinct differences among the
intelligence. groups. Example Gander, blood
group, thumb print, type of ear
Distribution graph - Normal lobe.
distribution Histogram / curve.
Distribution graph -
8 Discrete distribution
22

Number of students
7 20
Number of students

6 18
16
5 14
4 12
3 10
8
2 6
1 4
2
035-3940-44 45-4950-5455-59 60-6465-6970-74 75-79 0 Type of
Weight (kg) Attached Free ear lobe
Graph to show variation in human weight Graph to show variation in ear lobes

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Variasi Di Kalangan Hidupan


Variasi

Variasi Selanjar Variasi Tak Selanjar


Variasi yang tidak menunjukkan Variasi yang menunjukkan
perbezaan yang nyata. perbezaan yang nyata.
Perbezaan berada dalam julat Perbezaan diklasifikasikan dalam
antara dua ekstrem. Contoh: beberapa kumpulan dengan
ketinggian, berat badan, warna perbezaan yang jelas antara
kulit, kecerdasan. kumpulan. Contoh: jantina,
kumpulan darah, corak cap ibu jari,
bentuk cuping telinga.
Graf Histogram taburan normal Graf Carta bar taburan diskrit
8 22
7 20
18
6 16
Bilangan pelajar

5 14

Bilangan pelajar
12
4 10
3 8
2 6
4
1
2
035-3940-44 45-4950-5455-59 60-6465-6970-74 75-79 0 Bentuk
Melekap Bebas Cuping telinga
Berat badan (kg)
Graf menunjukkan variasi dalam berat badan Graf menunjakkan variasi dalam bentuk cuping telinga

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Variation Among Living Things

Factors Which Cause


Variation

Genetic factor Environmental factor

Inherited from parents and will continue Sunlight and temperature


to be passed on to the future Affect skin and hair colour.
generations.

Arise due to crossing-over - chromatids Type of diet


of a pair of chromosomes exchange Effect the size of organisms.
genetic material.

Humidity
Fertilization between sperms and ovum Moist or dehydrated condition affect
occurs randomly which lead to variation.
the skin texture.

Mutation also cause variation.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Variasi Di Kalangan Hidupan

Faktor Yang
Menyebabkan Variasi

Faktor Genetik Faktor Persekitaran

Diwarisi daripada ibu bapa dan akan Cahaya matahari dan suhu
terus diturunkan kepada generasi akan Mempengaruhi kulit dan warna
datang. rambut.

Bekalan makanan
Pertukaran maklumat genetik antara
kromatid semasa pindah silang berlaku. Mempengaruhi saiz organisma.

Kelembapan
Persenyawaan sperma dengan ovum Keadaan lembap atau kering
yang berlaku secara rawak.
mempengaruhi tekstur kulit.

Mutasi menyebabkan variasi.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Variation Among Living Things

The Importance Of Variation

Variation ensure the survival of a species


under changing environmental condition.

Allows the same species to be


differentiated from one another.

Variation may encourage the process of


formation of new species.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Variasi Di Kalangan Hidupan

Kepentingan Variasi

Membolehkan organisma menyesuaikan


diri dengan perubahan persekitaran.

Membezakan organisma dalam spesis


yang sama.

Menghasilkan spesis baru melalui proses


evolusi.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

Variation Among Living Things

Family Tree

Family tree is schematic chart showing the flow of a certain traits from parents
to the offspring and other related members in a family through inheritance

Example of a family tree

Brother Sister Me Brother

Key Male able to roll tongue Female able to roll tongue

Male unable to roll tongue Female unable to roll tongue

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Variasi Di Kalangan Hidupan


Salasilah Keluarga
Salasilah keluarga adalah carta skema yang menunjukkan aliran sesuatu sifat
daripada ibu bapa kepada anak-anak dan ahli keluarga lain yang berkaitan
melalui pewarisan.

Contoh Salasilah Keluarga

Abang Kakak Saya Adik lelaki


Petunjuk

Lelaki boleh menggulung lidah Lelaki tidak boleh menggulung lidah

Perempuan boleh menggulung lidah Perempuan tidak boleh menggulung lidah

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

3.7 The Need To Adhere To A Code Of Ethics In Genetic


Research
Isu Etika Dalam Penyelidikan Genetik

ITeach Science Form 4


Topic 3 Cell Division

The Need Adhere To Code Of Ethics In Genetic Research

The Need To Adhere To


Code Of Ethics In
Genetic Research

Genetically engineered products or


Cloning of humans should be
genetically modifield food should be
prohibited.
tested before selling.

Genetic research should be carried


out for the benefit of mankind, not to
be misused to produce organisms
that may be harmful to other
organism or environment.

ITeach Science Form 4


Bab 3 Keturunan Dan Variasi

Isu Etika Dalam Penyelidikan Genetik

Kepentingan Etika
Dalam Penyelidikan
Genetik

Produk atau makanan modifikasi


Pengklonan manusia perlu
genetik perlu diuji sebelum
dilarangkan.
dipasarkan.

Penyelidikan genetik perlu


dilakukan demi kebaikan manusia
bukan disalahgunakan untuk
menghasilkan sesuatu yang
membawa kesan buruk kepada
persekitaran.

ITeach Sains Tingkatan 4


The End

i - Teach

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