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    Bilik Ionisasi

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    Tikpo Larasati
    1. Ionization chambers are gas-filled cavities surrounded by conductive walls with electrodes used to measure radiation-induced ion pairs in the gas. 2. Factors like temperature, pressure, humidity, applied voltage, and leakage currents can affect ion chamber readings. 3. Common ion chamber types include standard, thimble, Farmer, and plane-parallel chambers used for different measurement purposes and beam energies. 4. Absorbed dose measurements using ion chambers require correcting the raw signal for temperature/pressure, polarity, electrometer calibration, recombination, and beam quality factors.

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    Bilik Ionisasi

    Uploaded by

    Tikpo Larasati
    140 views29 pages
    1. Ionization chambers are gas-filled cavities surrounded by conductive walls with electrodes used to measure radiation-induced ion pairs in the gas. 2. Factors like temperature, pressure, humidity, applied voltage, and leakage currents can affect ion chamber readings. 3. Common ion chamber types include standard, thimble, Farmer, and plane-parallel chambers used for different measurement purposes and beam energies. 4. Absorbed dose measurements using ion chambers require correcting the raw signal for temperature/pressure, polarity, electrometer calibration, recombination, and beam quality factors.

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    1. Ionization chambers are gas-filled cavities surrounded by conductive walls with electrodes used to measure radiation-induced ion pairs in the gas. 2. Factors like temperature, pressure, humidity, applied voltage, and leakage currents can affect ion chamber readings. 3. Common ion chamber types include standard, thimble, Farmer, and plane-parallel chambers used for different measurement purposes and beam energies. 4. Absorbed dose measurements using ion chambers require correcting the raw signal for temperature/pressure, polarity, electrometer calibration, recombination, and beam quality factors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    140 views29 pages

    Bilik Ionisasi

    Uploaded by

    Tikpo Larasati
    1. Ionization chambers are gas-filled cavities surrounded by conductive walls with electrodes used to measure radiation-induced ion pairs in the gas. 2. Factors like temperature, pressure, humidity, applied voltage, and leakage currents can affect ion chamber readings. 3. Common ion chamber types include standard, thimble, Farmer, and plane-parallel chambers used for different measurement purposes and beam energies. 4. Absorbed dose measurements using ion chambers require correcting the raw signal for temperature/pressure, polarity, electrometer calibration, recombination, and beam quality factors.

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    BILIK IONISASI

    Ni Larasati KS, S.Pd, M.Si


    INTRODUCTION
    A gas filled cavity (sensitive volume)
    surrounded by a conductive outer wall and
    having three electrodes:
    Polarizing electrode: connected directly to the
    power supply.
    Collecting electrode: connected to ground
    through the low impedance electrometer, to
    measure the charge or current produced in the
    chamber sensitive volume.
    Guard electrode: directly grounded and serves
    two purposes: defines the chamber sensitive
    volume and prevents the measurement of
    chamber leakage currents.
    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION
    Measure the charge from the number ofion
    pairscreated within the gas caused by incident
    radiation
    Electrodes are set at high negative voltage, so
    that positive charge move upside, while the
    negative charge move downside to the
    collecting electrode
    Types of ionization chamber:
    Standard ion chamber
    Timbel ion chamber
    Farmer ion chamber
    Plan paralel ion chamber
    INTRODUCTION
    Factors affecting ion chamber reading:
    Air temperature, pressure and humidity
    The density of gas in the chamber is depend on the
    temperature, pressure, and humidity around it
    The change in gas density will affecting the charge
    collected in the electrode
    Applied chamber polarity
    Under identical irradiation conditions the use of
    polarizing potentials of opposite polarity in an
    ionization chamber may yield different readings
    If the polarity effect for a particular chamber is larger
    than 3%, the chamber should not be used for
    absolute dose measurement
    INTRODUCTION
    Applied chamber voltage
    The response of a given ionization chamber
    depends on the voltage applied between
    electrodes of the chamber
    The charges produced in the chamber by radiation
    may differ from the charges that are actually
    collected
    Charge losses in the chamber are caused by ion
    recombination
    Excess charges are caused by charge multiplication
    and electrical breakdown.
    Both charge recombination and charge
    multiplication are influenced by the potential
    applied to the ionization chamber.
    Ideal voltage: 200-400 V
    INTRODUCTION
    Chamber leakage currents
    Three types of leakage: Intrinsic (dark) leakage
    currents, radiation induced leakage currents,
    mechanical stress induced currents
    Their effects on the true radiation induced
    currents are minimized with guard electrodes,
    low noise triaxial cables and sophisticated
    electrometers.
    Chamber stem effects
    Irradiating the chamber stem results in a
    different type of leakage current
    scattered radiation in the stem that reaches the
    chamber volume
    STANDARD ION CHAMBER
    STANDARD ION CHAMBER
    Also called free-air chamber
    The plate system inside the box consists of three
    coplanar plates on one side of the beam and a
    parallel high-voltage plate opposite. The plates are
    all parallel to the x-ray beam axis
    P = sensitive volume
    In CPE condition, all the electron collected were
    produced in P
    To create CPE in P,
    The distance from P to D should be larger than electron
    range
    The distance from P to electrodes also should be larger
    than electron range
    STANDARD ION CHAMBER
    The size of standard ion chamber
    usually huge, depend on the electron
    range.
    For example 3 MeV photon can
    produce electron with range of 1.5 m.
    Because of its size, standard ion
    chamber is not portable, only used is
    PSDL to calibrate other dosimeter
    THIMBEL ION CHAMBER

    The design is resemble a thimble (bidal)


    Consist of a solid envelope surrounding a gas filled
    cavity in which an electric field is established to
    collect the ions formed by radiation
    Gas volumes of 0.1-3 cm are the most common
    forms.
    THIMBEL ION CHAMBER
    Typically have an internal length no
    greater than 25 mm and an internal
    diameter no greater than 7 mm.
    The wall material is a solid of low atomic
    number Z (i.e. tissue or air equivalent),
    with the thickness less than 0.1 g/cm.
    A chamber is equipped with a buildup cap
    with a thickness of about 0.5 g/cm for
    calibration free in air using Co60 radiation.
    THIMBEL ION CHAMBER
    The sensitive volume should be in CPE
    condition too
    The solid thimble wall will provide an
    enough medium to attenuate electron,
    so, although the chamber size is not as
    long as electron range, CPE still exist
    To measure high energy foton, the wall
    can be thicken by adding build up cap
    FARMER ION CHAMBER

    Type of thimble chamber that mostly used


    Cylindrical chamber
    The volume sensitive is about 0.6 cm
    The chamber length is 24 mm
    Can be used in measurement using liquid water phantom
    PLANE PARALEL ION
    CHAMBER
    Consists of two plane walls, one serving as
    an entry window and polarizing electrode
    and the other as the back wall and collecting
    electrode, as well as a guard ring system.
    The back wall is usually a block of
    conducting plastic or a non-conducting
    material (usually Perspex or polystyrene)
    with a thin conducting layer of graphite
    forming the collecting electrode and the
    guard ring system on top
    PLANE PARALEL ION
    CHAMBER
    PLANE PARALEL ION
    CHAMBER
    The sensitive volume is 0,35 mm
    Used for dosimetry of electron beams with
    energies below 10 MeV.
    Because of its shape, this chamber is not
    suitable for measurement in liquid water
    phantom
    EXTRAPOLATION CHAMBER
    Parallel-plate chambers with a variable
    sensitive volume.
    Used in the measurement of surface
    doses and build up region in medium
    to high energy X-ray, and dosimetry of
    low enery X-ray and electron
    Equipped with a piston so the distance
    between 2 electrodes (also the
    sensitive volume) can be changed
    EXTRAPOLATION CHAMBER
    BRACHYTHERAPY ION
    CHAMBER
    ION CHAMBER &
    ELECTROMETER
    MEASUREMENT USING ION
    CHAMBER
    MEASUREMENT USING ION
    CHAMBER
    ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
    USING ION CHAMBER
    All dosimetry protocols aim at determination of the
    quantity absorbed dose to water.

    Q0 = quality/energy used in ion chamber calibration at


    PSDL/SSDL
    Q = quality/energy used in measurement
    Dw,Q0 = absorbed dose to water
    MQ0 = dosimeter signal readout
    ND,w,Q0 = dosimeter callibration coefficient
    KQ,Q0 = correction factor of different Q
    ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
    USING ION CHAMBER
    Other correction factor:
    Temperature and pressure
    correction (Ktp)
    T = 0C
    P = 101,3 Pa

    Polarity correction (Kpol)


    M+ and M are the chamber
    signals obtained under identical
    irradiation conditions at positive
    and negative chamber polarities,
    respectively, M is the signal
    obtained at the polarity used
    ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
    USING ION CHAMBER
    Electrometer calibration correction
    (Kelec)
    Recombination correction (Ks)
    ABSORBED DOSE MEASUREMENT
    USING ION CHAMBER
    The dosimeter signal readout (MQ0)
    should be corrected using correction
    factors before, therefore:

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