Excel

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Introduction
Cell References

There are two types of cell references:

Relativeandabsolute.
Relative Cell
Relative and absolute references behave
differently when copied and filled to
other cells. Relative
referenceschangewhen a formula is
copied to another cell.

Absolute references, on the other hand,

remainconstant, no matter where they
are copied.
EXAMPLE TYPE
A1 RELATIVE REFERENCE
Relative references
By default, all cell references arerelative
references.
When copied across multiple cells, they
change based on the relative position of
rows and columns. For example, if you copy
the formula=A1+B1from row 1 to row 2,
the formula will become=A2+B2.
Relative references are especially convenient
whenever you need torepeatthe same
calculation across multiple rows or columns.
Absolute references

There may be times when you do not want a

cell reference to change when filling cells.
Unlike relative references, absolute
referencesdo not change when copied or
filled.
You can use an absolute reference to keep a
row and/or columnconstant.

An absolute reference is designated in a

formula by the addition of adollar sign ($).
HOW TO USE ABSOLUTE
REFERENCE
ITS INDICATED BY PREFIXING A DOLLAR SIGN
$ BEFORE COLUMN LETTER AND THE ROW
NUMBER.
THUS AN ABSOLUTE REFERENCES USES TWO
DOLLAR SIGN IN ITS ADDRESS.
An absolute references look like $B$4
This dollar sign indicates that the row and
column address are fixed.
If you copied in various cells, the formula will
not change.
Eg:
Like a copying address from one cell to
another.
MIXED REFERENCES
A MIXED REFERENCES IS INDICATED BY
PREFIXING A DOLLAR SIGN($) BEFORE
EITHER THE COLUMN LETTER OR THE
ROW NUMBER,BUT NOT BOTH.
ITS USES ONLY ONE DOLLAR SIGN.
EG:B$2.
HERE THE COLUMN REDERNCE IS
RELATIVE BUT ROW REFERENCES IS
ABSOLUTE.
 $C4
IMPLIES THAT COLUMN C IS
ABSOLUTE BUT 4 IS RELATIVE.
EXAMPLE TYPE
A1 RELATIVE REFERENCES
$A$1 ABSOLUTE REFERENCES

$A1 MIXED
REFERENCES(COLUMN
PART IS ABSOLUTE)
A$1 MIXED REFERNCES
(ROW PART IS
ABSOLUTE)
 Basic Description
1)PV()
The Excel PV function calculates the
Present Valueof an investment, based
on a series of future payments.
For eg:when you borrow money,the loan
amount is the present value to the
lender.
The syntax of the function is:

PV(rate,nper,[pmt],[fv],[type])
rate - The interest rate, per
period.

nper - The number of periods

for the lifetime of the
annuity or investment.

[pmt] - An optional argument

that specifies the
payment per period.
If the[pmt]argument
is omitted,
the[fv]argumentmus
tbe supplied.
[fv] - An optional argument that specifies the future value of
the annuity, at the end ofnperpayments.
If the[fv]argument is omitted, it takes on the default
value 0.

[type] - An optional argument that defines whether the

payment is made at the start or the end of the period.
The[type]argument can have the value 0 or 1,
meaning:
0 - the payment is made at the end of the period;
1 - the payment is made at the start of the period.
If the[type]argument is omitted, it takes on the
default value of 0 (denoting payments made at the end
of the period).
 Example 1
In the following spreadsheet, the Excel Pv
function is used to calculate the present
value of an annuity that pays $1,000 per
month for a period of 5 years. The interest is
5% per year and each payment is made at
the end of the month.
The Excel PPMT Function

TheExcel PPMT function calculates the

payment on the principal, during a
specific period of a loan or investment
that is paid in constant periodic
payments, with a constant interest rate.
 PPMT(rate,per,nper,pv,fv,type).
ROUNDDOWN
Rounds a number down towards zero.
Syntax
ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
=ROUNDDOWN(3.2,0)
=3
INT()
ROUNDS A NUMBER DOWN TO THE
NEAREST INTEGER.
INT(NUMBER)
=INT(7.9)=7
=INT(-7.9)=-8
FLOOR
RETURNS NUMBER DOWN,TOWARDS
ZERO ,TO THE NEARST MULTIPLE OF
SIGNIFICANCE.
FLOOR(NUMBER,SIGNIFICANCE).
=FLOOR(2.5,1)
=2
=FLOOR(0.274,0.1)
=0.2
SQRT
The syntax for the SQRT function in
Microsoft Excel is:
SQRT( number )Parameters or
Arguments
numberA positive number that you wish
to return the square root for.
 EXCEL MARKS:8+7