Chapter 4 Multistage Amplifier1

Analysis of
Multistage
Amplifier
RC Coupling
Configuration
MULTISTAGES AMPLIFIER
RC Coupling
Circuit
Figure show the RC coupling

The network of R1, R2, and C1 enclosed in the
dashed lines of the figure is the coupling
network..
R1 acts as a load resistor for Q1 (the first stage)
and develops the output signal of that stage.
Do you remember how a capacitor reacts to ac
and dc? The capacitor, C1, "blocks" the dc of
Q1's collector, but "passes" the ac output
signal. R2 develops this passed, or coupled,
signal as the input signal to Q2 (the second
stage). This arrangement allows the coupling of
the signal while it isolates the biasing of each
stage.
RC coupling does have a few disadvantages. The

resistors use dc power and so the amplifier has
low efficiency. The capacitor tends to limit the
low-Frequency response of the amplifier and the
amplifying device itself limits the high-Frequency
response.
Before you move on to the next type of coupling,

consider the capacitor in the RC coupling. You
probably remember that capacitive reactance (XC)
is determined by the following formula:
This explains why the low frequencies are

limited by the capacitor. As frequency
decreases, XC increases. This causes more of
the signal to be "lost" in the capacitor.
The formula for XC also shows that the value
of capacitance (C) should be relatively high so
that capacitive reactance (XC) can be kept as
low as possible. So, when a capacitor is used
as a coupling element, the capacitance
should be relatively high so that it will couple
the entire signal well and not reduce or
distort the signal.
DIRECT COUPLING
CONFIGURATION
Direct coupling means the output signals
form the first transistor are fed to the second
transistors directly without any coupling
capacitor and transformer
Advantages: Does not involve reactive
coupling elements and it provides a very flat
frequency verses gain response for the range
of frequencies for which it is designed
Disadvantages: Each succeeding stage
requires a higher source voltage than the
preceding one.
Darlington
connection
The Darlington Pair
The most common example of direct
coupling is the Darlington Pair
In all respect, the two transistor
behave as a single transistor with
total as the product of of the two
transistor. The voltage gain is
approximately equal to one as both
the transistor as the emitter follower.
Darlington
connection
The Darlington Pair

Darlington
connection
Darlington
connection
The two transistors is connected together so that
the current amplified by the first is amplified
further by the second transistor. The overall
current gain is equal to the two individual gains
multiplied together.
This gives the Darlington pair a very high current
gain, such as 10000, so that only a tiny base
current is required to make the pair switch on.
A Darlington pair behaves like a single
transistor with a very high current gain. It
has three leads (B,CandE) which are equivalent
to the leads of a standard individual transistor..
Darlington
connection
To turn on there must be 0.7V across both
the base-emitter junctions which are
connected in series inside the Darlington
pair, therefore it requires 1.4V to turn on.
To turn on there must be 0.7V across both
the base-emitter junctions which are
connected in series inside the Darlington
pair, therefore it requires 1.4V to turn on
A Darlington pair is sufficiently sensitive to
respond to the small current passed by
your skin and it can be used to make a
touch-switch.
Darlington
connection
Darlington pair
Internal connection;
Collectors of Q1 and
Q2;
Emitter of Q1 and
base of Q2.
Provides high
current gain : IC 2IB
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER
Darlington
connection
Darlington configuration
provides;
Increased current;
High input
resistance.
Darlington
pair
configuration
Transformer-
coupled
Amplifier
Circuit
Transformer coupling
Coupling
configuration
Coupling
configuration
As the Collector current, Ic is

reduced to below the quiescent Q-
point set up by the base bias voltage
It due to variations in the base
current, the magnetic flux in the
transformer core collapses causing an
induced emf in the transformer
primary windings.
Coupling
configuration
This causes an instantaneous

collector voltage to rise to a value of
twice the supply voltage 2Vcc giving
a maximum collector current of
twice Ic when the Collector voltage
is at its minimum.
Then the efficiency of this type of
Class A amplifier configuration can
be calculated as follows.
Tnsformer
connection
configuration
The r.m.s. Collector voltage is given as:
The r.m.s. Collector current is given as:

configuration
The r.m.s. Power delivered to the load (Pac)
is therefore given as:
The average power drawn from the supply

(Pdc) is given by:
configuration
and therefore the efficiency of a

Transformer-coupled Class A amplifier is
given as:
Frequency
Response Curve
When amplifier stages are cascaded to form a
multistage amplifier, the dominant frequency
response is determined by the response of the
individual stages. There are two cases to
consider:
1.Each stages has a different lower critical

frequency and a different upper critical
frequency .
2.Each stage has the same lower critical
frequency and the same upper critical frequency.
Frequency
Response Curve
Different Critical Frequency
When lower critical frequency, fcl of each

amplifier stages is different, the dominant lower
critical frequency, fcl equal the critical frequency
of the stage with the highest fcl.
When the upper critical frequency, fcu of each

amplifier stages is different , the dominant upper
critical frequency fcu, equals the critical
Frequency
Response Curve
Overall Bandwidth
The bandwidth of a multistage amplifier is the

difference between the dominant lower critical
frequency and the dominant upper critical
frequency
BW = fcu fcl
Frequency
Response Curve
Example 1
In a certain 2-stage amplifier, one stage has a lower
critical frequency of 850 Hz and upper critical frequency
of 100 kHz. The other has a lower critical frequency of 1
kHz and an upper critical frequency of 230 kHz.
Determine the overall bandwidth of the 2- stage amplifier
Solution:
fcl = 1 kHz
fcu = 100 kHz
BW = fcu fcl = 100 kHz 1 kHz = 99 kHz
Video of multistage
Amplifier
http://ellabedu.physics.upatras.gr/Flash/Multistage-single
%20stage.swf

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Analysis of

Figure show the RC coupling

RC coupling does have a few disadvantages. The

Before you move on to the next type of coupling,

This explains why the low frequencies are

The Darlington Pair

As the Collector current, Ic is

This causes an instantaneous

The r.m.s. Collector current is given as:

The average power drawn from the supply

and therefore the efficiency of a

1.Each stages has a different lower critical

Different Critical Frequency

When lower critical frequency, fcl of each

When the upper critical frequency, fcu of each

The bandwidth of a multistage amplifier is the

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