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    Errors and Exception Handling: Tim Bisson

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    Rizwan Masoodi
    The document discusses error handling in kernels and C/C++ programs. It covers: 1. Kernel debugging techniques like printk, KDB, and core dumps for handling errors during kernel development. Virtual machines allow isolating kernel testing. 2. File systems implement error handling through functions like ext4_warning() and ext4_abort() that report or handle failures. 3. C uses errno, perror(), goto, signals and return codes for exceptions. C++ adds try-catch-throw for object-oriented exception handling.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Errors and Exception Handling: Tim Bisson

    Uploaded by

    Rizwan Masoodi
    25 views24 pages
    The document discusses error handling in kernels and C/C++ programs. It covers: 1. Kernel debugging techniques like printk, KDB, and core dumps for handling errors during kernel development. Virtual machines allow isolating kernel testing. 2. File systems implement error handling through functions like ext4_warning() and ext4_abort() that report or handle failures. 3. C uses errno, perror(), goto, signals and return codes for exceptions. C++ adds try-catch-throw for object-oriented exception handling.

    Original Description:

    network layers protocol are defined in this document

    Original Title

    tim_talk

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    The document discusses error handling in kernels and C/C++ programs. It covers: 1. Kernel debugging techniques like printk, KDB, and core dumps for handling errors during kernel development. Virtual machines allow isolating kernel testing. 2. File systems implement error handling through functions like ext4_warning() and ext4_abort() that report or handle failures. 3. C uses errno, perror(), goto, signals and return codes for exceptions. C++ adds try-catch-throw for object-oriented exception handling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    25 views24 pages

    Errors and Exception Handling: Tim Bisson

    Uploaded by

    Rizwan Masoodi
    The document discusses error handling in kernels and C/C++ programs. It covers: 1. Kernel debugging techniques like printk, KDB, and core dumps for handling errors during kernel development. Virtual machines allow isolating kernel testing. 2. File systems implement error handling through functions like ext4_warning() and ext4_abort() that report or handle failures. 3. C uses errno, perror(), goto, signals and return codes for exceptions. C++ adds try-catch-throw for object-oriented exception handling.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Errors and Exception

    Handling
    Tim Bisson
    Outline for Today
    Kernel Development
    Debugging, error handling, and virtual machines

    Userspace C
    Exception handling?

    C++ and Exception handling


    Kernel Development
    Implement abstract functionality to leverage physical
    devices
    Optimize physical resources (disk, memory, power)
    File Systems can optimize I/O access for mechanical
    nature of disks

    Debugging/developing OS functionality traditionally


    involved pressing the power-switch 100s of times
    per day
    Very time-consuming
    Kernel Debugging
    Printk - kernel-level printing
    Message classification
    KERN_DEBUG, KERN_CRIT, KERN_INFO,
    printk(KERN_CRIT Bug On\n");

    Current process usually faults


    Drivers are usually the culprit, so process using that driver
    dies
    If your lucky, the system wont panic
    Kernel Debugging
    KDB
    Run on live system

    Serial Debugging
    Two machines: test and development
    Communicate over gdb through serial port
    Many systems companies have some form of this
    infrastructure

    Core dumps
    Analyze stack trace off-line
    Kernel Development with
    Virtual Machines
    Virtual machines as test systems - when the break, they
    dont panic the host system
    Just reboot the virtual machines (like restarting an app)

    Speeds up kernel development


    Booting is akin to application start-up
    Debugging is easier (run debugger on virtual machine)
    Useful for networking, fs, etc development

    Parallels, Xen
    UML
    Run Linux Kernel as a process in Linux
    Example using UML
    UMLuses SIGSEGV to fault pages into the
    UML kernel

    handle SIGSEGV pass nostop noprint


    To ignore such signals when debugging a UML
    kernel
    Why get involved with open-
    source kernel development
    Contribute to an open source kernel project:
    Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFlyBSD
    Microsoft isn't evil, they just make really crappy operating
    systems. - Linus Torvalds

    Tons of cool projects to work on


    http://www.netbsd.org/contrib/projects.html
    http://wiki.dragonflybsd.org/index.cgi/ProjectsPage

    Looks really good on your resume


    Apply to SoC 07 and get paid to work on an open-source kernel
    project for the summer
    Kernel Error Handling
    A difference between application and kernel programming is
    error handling
    Application segmentation faults are harmless
    Debugger can trace the error to source (gdb)
    Kernel faults can often be fatal for the whole system

    Drivers are typically responsible for OS failures


    They run in kernel address space
    Their quality is questionable

    Core OS subsystems have error handling too


    File System Error Handling
    Ext4 - new file system for Linux with many new features
    Extents allocation, preallocation, defragmentation, etc
    Sets error code numbers: EIO, ENOMEM, ENOSPC

    Some error handlers


    Ext4_warning()
    Ext4-_error()
    Report failure conditions such as inconsistencies or read I/O failures

    Ext4_abort
    unrecoverable failures such as journal I/O or ENOMEM
    Unconditionally force file system into read-only mode or panic

    Ext4_decode_error() - errno values and return string


    File System Error Handling (2)
    ext4_warning()
    ext4_orphan_get() - error handling for bad orphan
    inodes
    ext4_handle_error()
    ext4_get_inode_block() - ensure selected block group
    < total block groups
    ext4_abort()
    ext4_journal_start_sb() - journalling aborted
    Goto
    Goto is also useful for int function() {
    int ret_val = -;
    aggregating error char * data = (char * ) malloc (100);
    /* do some work */
    handling if (error) {
    ret_val = error1;
    goto end;
    }
    Free() is only called from
    one place /* do some more work */
    if (error) {
    ret_val = error;
    goto end;
    }

    end:
    /* clean up*/
    free (data);
    return ret_val;
    }
    Userland C and exception
    handling
    C doesnt support exception handling

    It supports supports other functionality


    Assert
    Goto
    Signals
    Return/reason codes
    System Call/Library Errors
    When system call or library errors occur, the
    errno variable gets set

    Takea look at errno.h (man errno) for a list


    of possible numbers:
    EPERM Operation not permitted (POSIX.1)
    EIO Input/output error (POSIX.1)

    Perror()
    Printsa message of describing last error that
    occurred

    Translates errors into human readable format


    Example
    #define SIZE 10
    Why does the program
    fail? int main() {
    char buf[SIZE];
    int ret, fd;

    Read(2) sets errno ret = read(fd,buf, SIZE);


    value to EBADF if (ret != SIZE) {
    perror("Read Error");
    Perror(3) describes exit(1);
    }
    EBADF return 0;
    }

    bisson root # gcc this.c && a.out


    Read Error: Bad file descriptor
    Signal Handling
    The OS delivers an exception in the form of a
    software interrupt to an executing process
    process must handle event immediately

    Signals are defined by a number

    Processes may define signal handlers for a


    particular signals
    Function called when process receives that signal
    Asynchronous execution
    What good are signals for
    Report errors - invalid memory address
    reference

    Report asynchronous events


    Ctrl-c, ctrl-z, fg

    Alternative is event polling


    Example - srtgen
    A synthetic soft real-time Int bool = 0;
    void sig_int (int s) {
    application generator fprintf(stderr, CTRL-C detected, aborting after this
    frame\n);
    quit = 1;
    }
    Use SIGINT (ctrl-c) to
    process current frame, void dumpstats() {
    /*prints application statistics*/
    dump stats, then exit .
    }

    int main (int argc, char **argv) {


    atexit(3) - register a signal (SIGINT, sig_int);

    function to be called at atexit(dumpstats);

    normal process do {

    termination }while(++numsamples < NUMSAMPLES && !quit);
    }
    C++ and Exception Handling
    Try-Catch-Throw model

    Deals with synchronous and asynchronous errors


    Synchronous error example - divide by zero

    Put code that may generate an exception in a try


    block

    try {
    //code that might throw an exception
    }
    Throwing an Exception
    Indicates an exception occurred
    Specify one operand
    Exception object, if operand thrown is an object
    Exception caught by closest handler from try block in which
    exception thrown
    Control transferred to handler

    if (denominator == 0)
    throw DivideByZeroException();

    Exception handler need not terminate program, but block where


    exception occurred is terminated
    Catching an Exception
    Exception handlers are the catch block

    Caught if argument type matches throw type


    If not, terminate (abort) called

    catch (DivideByZeroException ex) {


    cout << Exception occurred: << ex.what() << endl;
    }

    Use catch() to catch all exceptions


    Simple Example
    int main () {
    char myarray[10];
    try {
    for (int n=0; n<=10; n++) {
    if (n>9) throw "Out of range";
    myarray[n]='z';
    }
    }
    catch (char * str) {
    cout << "Exception: " << str << endl;
    }
    return 0;
    }
    Re-throwing an Exception
    Exception handler can handle some of the
    exception, then throw it to the calling function
    Uses throw;

    void throwException() {
    try { // Throw an exception and immediately catch it.
    cout << "Function throwException\n";
    throw exception();
    Output:
    } Function throwException
    catch( exception e ) {
    cout << "Exception handled in function throwException\n"; Exception handled in function throwException
    throw; // re-throw exception for further processing
    }
    Exception handled in main
    cout << This should not be print\n; //control never gets here Program control continues after catch in main
    }
    void main( ) {
    try {
    throwException();
    cout << This should not be print\n; //exception will be thrown
    }
    catch ( exception e ) {
    cout << "Exception handled in main" << endl;
    }
    cout << "Program control continues after catch in main" << endl;
    }

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