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Chemistry: An Introduction To Matter

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass, and can exist as elements, compounds, or mixtures. A physical change does not alter the composition of a substance, whereas a chemical change alters the composition or identity of one or more substances. The International System of Units (SI) provides standardized units for measuring physical properties and quantities in chemistry.

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Mohd Nubli
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53 views

Chemistry: An Introduction To Matter

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass, and can exist as elements, compounds, or mixtures. A physical change does not alter the composition of a substance, whereas a chemical change alters the composition or identity of one or more substances. The International System of Units (SI) provides standardized units for measuring physical properties and quantities in chemistry.

Uploaded by

Mohd Nubli
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry:

An Introduction to Matter
Chapter 1
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes

1. Matter is anything that occupies space and


has mass.
2. A substance is a form of matter that has a
definite composition and distinct properties.
water, ammonia, sucrose, gold, oxygen
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances
in which the substances retain their distinct identities.

1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the


mixture is the same throughout.

soft drink, milk, solder

2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not


uniform throughout.

cement,
iron filings in sand
Physical means can be used to separate a mixture
into its pure components.

magnet
distillation
An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
• 115 elements have been identified
• 83 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon
• 32 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium
A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.

Compounds can only be separated into their


pure components (elements) by chemical
means.
Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6)

Ammonia (NH3)
Three States of Matter
Physical or Chemical?
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water

A chemical change alters the composition or


identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas to form water


Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.

mass – measure of the quantity of matter


SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = c x mass A 1 kg bar will weigh


on earth, c = 1.0 1 kg on earth
on moon, c ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon
Table 1.2 SI Base Units
Base Quantity Name of Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Table 1.3 Prefixes Used with SI Units
Prefix Symbol Meaning
Tera- T 1012
Giga- G 109
Mega- M 106
Kilo- k 103
Deci- d 10-1
Centi- c 10-2
Milli- m 10-3
Micro-  10-6
Nano- n 10-9
Pico- p 10-12
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3


1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3
Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

mass m
density = volume d= V

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5


g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m
d= V

m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g


K = 0C + 273.15
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C

F=
0 9 x 0C + 32
5
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.
0
F= 9 x 0C + 32
5
0
F – 32 = 9 x 0C
5
5 x (0F – 32) = 0C
9
0
C = 5 x (0F – 32)
9
0
C = 5 x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3
9
Scientific Notation
The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199
1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer
Scientific Notation
568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
the same exponent n
2. Combine N1 and N2 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
3. The exponent, n, remains 4.70 x 104
the same
Scientific Notation

Multiplication
1. Multiply N1 and N2 (4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Division 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =


1. Divide N1 and N2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
1.7 x 10-5
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2
Significant Figures
•Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
•Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
•Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
•If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
•If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
How many significant figures are in
each of the following measurements?
24 mL 2 significant figures

3001 g 4 significant figures

0.0320 m3 3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

560 kg 2 significant figures


Significant Figures
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal
point than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point


-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79
Significant Figures
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to


3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs round to


2 sig figs
Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures

The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70


= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3

Because 3 is an exact number


Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other

accurate precise not accurate


& but &
precise not accurate not precise
Factor-Label Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed


2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L
1L L2
1.63 L x = 0.001630
1000 mL mL
The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is
this speed in miles per hour?

meters to miles
seconds to hours

1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

m 1 mi 60 s 60 min mi
343 x x x = 767
s 1609 m 1 min 1 hour hour

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