Exercise 5: The

Endoskeleton
EXTREMITIES OF THE CAT (FELIS CATUS)
 Overview

Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb Pelvic Girdle and Hind

limb
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Pectoral girdle represented by the Scapulae and Clavicles
Coracoid found in the pectoral girdle of lower forms
- developed as the coracoid process of the scapula in
the cat
1. Scapula In Humans - the set of bones which
2. Calvicle connects the arm to the axial skeleton
3. Humerus on each side
- consists of the clavicle and
scapula
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Forelimb consists of bones in the arm, foreleg, and forefoot
- the longest and largest forelimb bone is the humerus,
located in the arm
- foreleg has two bones, the radius and ulna
- forefoot consists of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

In humans - the arm is the upper limb of the body, comprising regions
between the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) and the elbow joint.
- In common usage the arm extends to the hand. It can be
divided into the upper arm, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow,
the forearm which extends from the elbow to the hand, and the hand
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Human
Arm

Cat Forelimb
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Humerus - long bone of the arm, articulating with the scapula to form the
shoulder and the radius and ulna to form the elbow.
In situ, it lies obliquely along the ventral thorax and is more horizontal in
larger species.
normal humeral anatomy in the cat mimics that of the dog

In humans - the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the elbow
joint and the shoulder.
- At the elbow, it connects primarily to the ulna, as the forearm's radial bone
connects to the wrist.
At the shoulder, the humerus connects to the frame of the body via the
glenoid fossa of the scapula.
The humerus is the foundation to which many muscles insert, such as the
deltoid, the pectoralis major, and others.
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Cat Human
Humerus Humerus
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Parts of the Humerus
Head the large convex, smooth, and
hemispherical protuberance at the end of
the humerus
Greater tubercle a projection extending
forward from the lateral border of the head
Lesser tubercle a smaller projection
extending anteromedially from the head
Intertubercular sulcus the groove located
between the tubercles
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Parts of the Humerus
Pectoral ridge the crest extending distally
from the ventral end of the greater tubercle
along the shaft of the humerus,
- Near the middle of the
ventral surface of the shaft, it meets the
deltoid ridge
Shaft the long body of the humerus,
contains nutrient foramina (The external
opening of the nutrient canal in a bone,
entrance of the nourishing blood-vessels )
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Parts of the Humerus
Capitulum round eminence, forms the
lateral part of the distal articular surface,
articulates with the head of the radius
Trochlea pool-shaped medial part of the
distal articular surface, articulates with the
ulna
Medial epicondyle roughened prominence
medial to the trochlea
Lateral epicondyle elevation lateral to the
capitulum
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Parts of the Humerus
Olecranon fossa depression above the
trochlea on the posterior surface
Coronoid fossa depression above the
trochlea on the posterior surface
Radial fossa depression over the
capitulum adjacent to the coronoid fossa
Supracondylar foramen an oval aperture
in the bone, proximal to the medial
epicondyle
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Radius - one of two bones of the lower foreleg of a cat, the other
being the ulna
- It rotates around the ulna and enables the hand to
rotate and be flexible

In humans - radius is the more lateral and slightly shorter of the two
forearm bones.
- It is found on the thumb side of the forearm and rotates
to allow the hand to pivot at the wrist.
- Several muscles of the arm and forearm have origins
and insertions on the radius to provide motion to the upper limb.
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Cat Human
Radius and Radius and
Ulna Ulna
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Parts of the radius
Head a disc whose upper surface has a concave
fovea
Neck constricted portion below the head
Radial tuberosity protuberance below the neck
Shaft body of the radius, convex dorsally and
concave ventrally
Styloid process wedge-shaped projection
extending from the medial side of the distal end of
the radius
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Ulna - one of two bones of the lower foreleg of a cat, the other being the
radius
- extends from the elbow to the bones of the wrist and works in
conjunction with another long bone in the forearm, called the radius
- primary purpose of the ulna is to support the forearm and allow it to
move

In humans - It is on the side opposite the thumb, extends from the elbow to
the wrist, and runs parallel to the radius, which it exceeds in length and size.
- In anatomical position, when the arms are down at the sides of
the body and the palms of the hands face forward, the ulna is located at the
side of the forearm closest to the body (the medial side).
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals

Human Ulna
Cat Ulna
Pectoral girdle and forelimbs of
Mammals
Parts of the ulna
Olecranon projection from the proximal end of the
bone
Trochlear Notch wide concavity bordering the
olecranon, the site where the olecranon articulates with
the trochlea of the humerus
Coronoid process projection at the base of the
trochlear notch
Radial notch concave facet on the lateral surface of
the coronoid process
Shaft body of the ulna
Styloid process projection from the distal end of the
ulna
Pelvic girdle and hindlimb of
mammals
Pelvic girdle made up of 2 innominate
bones that articulate dorsally with the
sacrum and ventrally at the midline with
each other at the pubic symphysis.
- each innominate consists of 3
bony parts: ilium, ischium, and pubis, which
fuse at development at the acetabulum, a
depression that receives the head of the femur.
- the large opening in each
innominate bone between the ischium and
pubis is the obturator foramen
Pelvic girdle and hind limb of
mammals
In humans - Pelvic girdle, also called bony pelvis, in
human anatomy, basin-shaped complex of bones that
connects the trunk and the legs, supports and balances
the trunk, and contains and supports the intestines, the
urinary bladder, and the internal sex organs.
-The pelvic girdle consists of paired hipbones, connected
in front at the pubic symphysis and behind by the
sacrum; each is made up of three bonesthe blade-
shaped ilium, above and to either side, which accounts
for the width of the hips; the ischium, behind and below,
on which the weight falls in sitting; and the pubis, in
front.
-All three unite in early adulthood at a triangular suture
in the acetabulum, the cup-shaped socket that forms
the hip joint with the head of the femur (thighbone). T
Pelvic girdle and hind limb of
mammals
Parts of the Pelvic girdle
Ilium long and has a flattened expanded
anterior surface, a rough medical surface
that articulates with the sacrum, and a
concave lateral surface
Ischium has the shape of a triangular prism
that is contracted in the middle
Pubis a flat, curved part, contracted in the
middle and expanded at the ends