EE 456

Decoupled Power Flow

Solutions
 P P
J V
11
J 12

J 21 22 J
Q Q
J J
V

N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k 1

N
Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1
 Pi 2
J ii11 Qi ( x ) Vi Bii
i
Pi
J ik11 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k
Pi Pi
J ii12 Gii Vi
Vi Vi
Pi
J ik 12 Vi (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
Vk

Qi 2
J ii 21 Pi ( x ) Gii Vi
i
Qi
J ik 21 Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
k

Qi Qi ( x )
J ii 22 Bii Vi
Vi Vi

Qi
J ik 22 Vi (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos ( i k ))
Vk
 EE
Summary for the Jacobain 456

J 11
J 12 N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))

J
k 1
(1)
N
21 22 Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
J J k 1

Pi Pi
J ik11 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) J ik 12 Vi (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin( i k ))
k Vk

Pi 2 Pi P
J ii11 Qi ( x ) Vi Bii J ii12 i Gii Vi
i Vi Vi

Qi Qi
J ik 21 Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k )) J ik 22 Vi (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos ( i k ))
k Vk

Qi
J ii 21 Pi ( x ) Gii Vi
2
Qi Q ( x)
i J ii 22 i Bii Vi
Vi Vi

Gik ; Sin(i k ) are small

 N N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k )) Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1 k 1

Pi
J ik11 Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k

J ii11
Pi
i
Qi ( x ) Vi
2
Bii 0

Qi
J ik 22 Vi (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
Vk
0 J ii 22
Qi
Vi
Q ( x)
i
Vi
Bii Vi

J 11
ik
Pi
k
Vi Vk B
ik 0
Pi N 2
J 11 Vi Vk B Vi B
ii i k 1 ik ii
22 Qi V B
J
ik Vk
i
ik
N
Vi Vk Bik
0 J 22
ii
Q i
k 1 B Vi
ii
Vi Vi
Approximation to the jacobian EE
456

J11 0
J 22
(2)

0 J
We know , at jth iteration P
( j) ( j)
J x
Q

( j) ( j)
( j) P
J11 0 (3)
22
0 J V Q

11( j )

( j) ( j)
J P (4)
( j)
22( j ) ( j)
J V Q (5)
 EE The Decoupled Power Flow
Algorithm
456
Basic Steps In the algorithm

4. Find the solution

Evaluate the jacobian J(j) and X(j)
Solve X(j)

( j)

( j) ( j)
J11 P
( j) ( j) ( j)
J 22 V Q

X
j 1 ( j) ( j)
=X X
Compute the updated solution vector
Return to step 3 with j=j+1
5. Stop
 Speed
comparison EE
Example : N=1000 buses and NG =100 generators: 456

The full jacobian has dimension of (2N- NG -1)* (2N- NG -1)

2N- NG -1=1899
11
J
For Decupled: , the dimension is (N-1)*(N-1) ; 999*999
J 22
the dimension is (N- NG )*(N- NG ): 900*900

If we solve Ax=b through LU decomposition, the speed is propositional

to
number of elements.

For full jacobian: (1899)2 =3606201

For decoupled: (999)2 + (900)2 =998,001+810,000=1808001

The ratio= 3606201/1808001 2.0

In general we may need more iterations for decoupled power flow to

get the same final accuracy( since we are using approximate
jacobian. Even then , decoupled power flow is faster 1.5 to 2 times)
For decoupled power flow , the stopping
criterion (Step 3) is exactly the same as the
stopping criterion used in the full Newton
algorithm. So the final solution is as
accurate as the solution with full jacobian .
 EE
456
The Fast Decoupled Power Flow
Algorithm
( faster but less accurate )
N
Pi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k ))
Simplifications on
J11 J 22 ,
k 1

N
Qi ( x) Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k 1

Pi Qi
J ik 11
Vi Vk (Gik Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) J ik 22 Vi (Gik Sin( i k ) Bik Cos (i k ))
k Vk

Pi 2 Qi Qi ( x )
J ii11 Qi ( x ) Vi Bii J ii 22 Bii Vi
i Vi Vi

Neglect G. Assume small angles, then sin(i-k)0 and cos(i-

k)1)
Pi ( x ) 0 Pi Q
J ik 22 Vi Bik
J ik11 Vi Vk Bik
i

k Vk
N
N
Pi N Vi Vk Bik
Qi ( x) Vi Vk Bik Vi Vk Bik Vi Qi
2
J ii11 Bii J ii 22
k 1
Bii Vi
k 1 i k 1 Vi Vi
 EE
456 J ik 22 Vi Bik
J ik 11 Vi Vk Bik (6 (6
a) c)
N
N Vi Vk Bik (6 d)
Vi Vk Bik Vi Bii
11 2
J ii (6 b) J ii 22 k 1
Bii Vi
k 1 Vi

Further SimplificationsJ ii11forJ ii 22

N
J ii Vi Vk Bik Vi Bii
11 2
Assume the voltage profile is flat, i.e., |V k|=|Vi|. Then:
k 1

N
N

Vi Bik Vi ik
2 2 2
J ii 11
Bii Vi B B ii (6 b)
k 1 k 1

N



B B
k 1
ik i1 Bi 2 ........Bii .....Bik .....BiN (7)
 EE
For Y bus matrix 456
Yij = Gik + jBik = -yik =-( gik + jbik )=-gik jbik

Yii= Gii + jBii =(gi1 + jbi1) + (gi2 + jbi2)+ ..(gii + jbii) + .. (gik
+ jbik)+.(giN + jbiN)

If we neglect G, then

Yij =jBik = -jbik

Yii= jBii = jbi1 + jbi2 + jbii + .. + jbik+.+ jbiN

For ik Bik = -bik or bik = -Bik (8)

Bii = bi1 + bi2 + bii + .. + bik+.+

(9)b
iN

From (8) , (9) can be modified as

Bii = -Bi1-Bi2 + bii .. -Bik -. -BiN

(10)
 Substitute (10) in (7) EE
456
N



B B
k 1
ik i1 Bi 2 ........Bii .....Bik .....BiN (7)

N

ik Bi1 Bi 2 ........( Bi1 Bi 2 ........ bii ..... Bik ..... BiN ) ...Bik ....BiN
B
k 1
bii
(11)
bii is sum of all shunt susceptances
at bus i.
Substitute (11) in (6 b)
N
N


Vi Bik Vi Bik Bii
2 2 2
J ii
11
Bii Vi (6 b)
k 1 k 1

bii Bii
2
J ii11 = Vi
(12)
In general bii is small and can be
neglected, then
 In general bii is small and can be EE
456
neglected, then
11 2
J ii = - Vi Bii (13)

Similarly we can show

N
Vi Vk Bik
(6 d)
J ii 22 k 1
Bii Vi
Vi

as

J ii 22 Vi Bii
(14)
 EE
So the final set : for 6 a to 6 d 456

J ik 11 Vi Vk Bik J ik 22 Vi Bik
(15) (17)

2
J ii
11
= - Vi Bii (16)
J ii 22 Vi Bii (18)

Let
V2 0 0

V3
V
(20)

0 0 Vn
 EE
Define B as: ( this corresponds to

456
imaginary parts of YBUS matrix with first row
and first column eliminated.
B B ... B of 22 23 2N
B B33 ... B3 N (21)
B ' 32
M M M ... M

BN 2 BN 3 ... BNN
Then
V2 0 K 0 B22 B23 ... B2 N V2 0 K 0
B
M V M M B33 ... B3 N M V3 M M
V B V M M M M 3 32
M M M ... M M M M M

0 0 K VN BN 2 BN 3 ... BNN 0 0 K V N

V2 0 K 0 B22 V2 B23 V3 ... B2 NV N

M V3 M M B32 V2 B33 V3 ... B3 NV N
M M M M M M M
... M

0 0 K VN BN 2 V2 BN 3 V3 ... BNN V N
 EE
456 V2 B22 V2 V2 B23 V3 ... V2 B2 N VN

V3 B32 V2 V3 B33 V3 ... V3 B3 N VN
V B V M M M... M (21)

VN BN 2 V2 VN BN 3 V3 ... VN BNN VN

Off Diagonal Diagonal

elements elements
11 2
J ii = - Vi Bii
J ik Vi Vk Bik
11
 EE V2 0 K 0 B22 B23 ... B2 N V2 B22 V2 B23 ... V2 B 2 N
456 B
M V M M B33 ... B3 N V3 B32 V3 B33 ... V3 B 3 N
V B M M M M 3 32
M M M ... M

M M M... M

0 0 K VN BN 2 BN 3 ... BNN VN BN 2 VN BN 3 ... VN B NN

V2 B22 V2 B23 ... V2 B2 N

V3 B32 V3 B33 ... V3 B3 N
V B M M M... M (22)

VN BN 2 VN BN 3 ... VN BNN

Off Diagonal Diagonal

elements elements

J ik 22 Vi Bik J ii 22 Vi Bii
 Recall:
EE
456
11( j )

( j) ( j)
J P (4)
( j)
22( j ) ( j)
J V Q (5)

Fromm (21) and (22), (4) and (5) can be modified

as:

V B V P
( j) ( j)
(23)

( j)
V [ B] V
( j) (24)
Q

V B V P
( j) ( j)
(25)

( j)
V [ B] V Q
( j)
(26)
 EE From (25) :
456
V B V ( j)
P
( j)

B V V P
( j) 1 ( j)
(27)

From (26) :
( j)
V [ B] V Q
( j)

( j)
V Q
1
[ B] V
( j)
(28)
 EE
456
[ B] V V P
( j) 1 ( j)
(27)

( j)
V Q
1
[ B] V
( j)
(28)

Further approximation, assume The left hand side [V] in

(27) as unity: this assumption leads to constant
[B ]
multiplying equation (27) and (28)

V P
1
[ B]
( j) ( j)
(29)

( j)
V Q
1
[ B] V
( j) (28)

Where :
1
V 0 0
2

1

V 1
V3




0 1
0
Vn
 EE Therefore : The right hand side
456 becomes
( j)
P2
V
2
P3
(30)
V P
1 mod ified ( j )
[ B]
( j) ( j)
V3 P
M

Pn
V
n
Q2
V
2
Q3
( j)
V Q
1 ( j) mod ified ( j )
[ B ] V V3 Q (31)
M

Qn
V
n
 EE Equation (31) contains all the buses except the slack bus. But we
456know the voltages at PV buses , but we do not know the reactive
powers at these buses, so we have to eliminate the rows
corresponding to PV buses. The resulting matrix will be B

QNG 1

NG 1 V
Q
( j) NG 2
(32)
V Q
1 mod ified ( j )
VN 2 Q
( j)
[ B '' ] V
G

M

Q N
VN
Where :

BNG 1, NG 1 BNG 1, NG 2 ...BNG 1, N

BNG 2, NG 1 BNG 2, NG 2 ... BNG 2, N
B ''

M M M... M

BN , NG 1 BN , NG 2 ... BNN
 EE
B] [ B '' ]
456 By solving (30) and (32) we get further speed up. The left hand [matrices
are constants . We need to perform LU factorization only once.
( j)
P2
V
2
P3 (30)

V P
1 mod ified ( j )
[ B]
( j) ( j)
V3 P
M

Pn
V
n
QNG 1

VN G 1
Q
( j) NG 2
(32)
V Q
1 mod ified ( j )
[ B ] V
'' ( j)

VN 2 Q
G

M

Q N
VN
 EE The Fast Decoupled Power Flow
Algorithm
456 .
Basic Steps In the algorithm

Steps 3 and 4.
( j 1)
a. Compute mismatch of P
mod ified ( j ) using ( j 1) and
V
N
Pi Pi ( x) Pi ( Vi Vk (Gik Cos (i k ) Bik Sin(i k )) Pi )
( j 1)

k 1

( j 1)
P2
V
2

P3
mod ified ( j 1)
[ B]
( j)
V3 P
M

Pn
V
n

( j)
b. Solve eq. above equation (30) for

( j ) ( j 1) ( j )
N
Qi Qi ( x) Qi Vi Vk (G2 k Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Qi
k 1
 Q
Calculate Reactive power Using V
( j)
Mismatch
( j 1)
and
EE
456
N
Qi Qi ( x) Qi Vi Vk (G2 k Sin(i k ) Bik Cos (i k )) Qi
k 1

Solve for V ( j)

( j 1)
( j) ,V
QNG 1

VN G 1
Q
( j) N G 2
( j ) , V ( j 1)
VN 2
mod ified
[ B ] V
''
Q
G

M

Q N
VN

If |Pk|< P for all type PQ & PV buses and If |Qk|< Q for all type PQ buses , Then got to
Step 5, else
( j 1)

( j) ( j)

( j 1) ( j) ( j)
V V V
Return to step 3 with j=j+1