PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College

The Nervous
System

7 PART A

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory inputgathering information
To monitor changes occurring inside and
outside the body
Changes = stimuli
Integration
To process and interpret sensory input and
decide if action is needed

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Nervous System
Motor output
A response to integrated stimuli
The response activates muscles or glands

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Nervous System

Figure 7.1

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Structural Classification
of the Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of
the Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory (afferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry information to the
central nervous system
Motor (efferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the
central nervous system

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organization of the Nervous System

Figure 7.2

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Functional Classification of
the Peripheral Nervous System
Motor (efferent) division (continued)
Two subdivisions
Somatic nervous system = voluntary
Autonomic nervous system = involuntary

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Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as
neuroglia
Function: to support, insulate, and protect
neurons

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Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Astrocytes
Abundant, star-shaped cells
Brace neurons
Form barrier between capillaries and neurons
Control the chemical environment of
the brain

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Figure 7.3a

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Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Microglia
Spiderlike phagocytes
Dispose of debris

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Figure 7.3b

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Ependymal cells
Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
Circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Figure 7.3c

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Oligodendrocytes
Wrap around nerve fibers in the central
nervous system
Produce myelin sheaths

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Figure 7.3d

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Satellite cells
Protect neuron cell bodies
Schwann cells
Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous
system

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

Figure 7.3e

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons
Neurons = nerve cells
Cells specialized to transmit messages
Major regions of neurons
Cell bodynucleus and metabolic center
of the cell
Processesfibers that extend from the
cell body

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons
Cell body
Nissl substance
Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum
Neurofibrils
Intermediate cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons

Figure 7.4

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons
Cell body
Nucleus
Large nucleolus
Processes outside the cell body
Dendritesconduct impulses toward the cell
body
Axonsconduct impulses away from the cell
body

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons

Figure 7.4

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons
Axons end in axonal terminals
Axonal terminals contain vesicles with
neurotransmitters
Axonal terminals are separated from the next
neuron by a gap
Synaptic cleftgap between adjacent neurons
Synapsejunction between nerves

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons
Myelin sheathwhitish, fatty material covering
axons
Schwann cellsproduce myelin sheaths in jelly
rolllike fashion
Nodes of Ranviergaps in myelin sheath along
the axon

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nervous Tissue: Neurons

Figure 7.5

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Cell Body Location
Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central
nervous system
Gray mattercell bodies and unmyelinated
fibers
Nucleiclusters of cell bodies within the
white matter of the central nervous system
Gangliacollections of cell bodies outside the
central nervous system

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of Neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to
the CNS
Cutaneous sense organs
Proprioceptorsdetect stretch or tension
Motor (efferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the central nervous
system to viscera, muscles, or glands

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of Neurons

Figure 7.7

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Classification of Neurons
Interneurons (association neurons)
Found in neural pathways in the central
nervous system
Connect sensory and motor neurons

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neuron Classification

Figure 7.6

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of Neurons
Multipolar neuronsmany extensions from the
cell body

Figure 7.8a

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of Neurons
Bipolar neuronsone axon and one dendrite

Figure 7.8b

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structural Classification of Neurons
Unipolar neuronshave a short single process
leaving the cell body

Figure 7.8c

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Properties of Neurons
Irritability
Ability to respond to stimuli
Conductivity
Ability to transmit an impulse

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Impulses
Resting neuron
The plasma membrane at rest is polarized
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than
outside the cell
Depolarization
A stimulus depolarizes the neurons
membrane
A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+)
to flow inside the membrane
The exchange of ions initiates an action potential
in the neuron

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Impulses

Figure 7.9ab

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Impulses
Action potential
If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it
is propagated over the entire axon
Impulses travel faster when fibers have a
myelin sheath

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Impulses

Figure 7.9cd

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Impulses
Repolarization
Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after
sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the
membrane
The sodium-potassium pump, using ATP,
restores the original configuration

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve Impulses

Figure 7.9ef

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another
nerve
Neurotransmitter is released from a nerves
axon terminal
The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors
that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter
An action potential is started in the dendrite

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Axon
Axon of terminal Action
transmitting potential
neuron arrives

Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Transmitting neuron
Neurotrans-
mitter binds
Vesicle to receptor
Neurotrans- on receiving
fuses with
plasma mitter is re- neurons
membrane leased into membrane
synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft molecules

Ion channels Receiving neuron

Neurotransmitter
broken down
Neurotransmitter and released

Receptor Na+
Na+

Ion channel opens Ion channel closes

Figure 7.10

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses

Axon of Axon Action

transmitting terminal potential
neuron arrives
Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Figure 7.10, step 1

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Axon
Axon of Action
transmitting terminal potential
neuron arrives
Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Transmitting neuron

Vesicle
fuses with
plasma
membrane

Synaptic cleft

Ion channels Receiving neuron

Figure 7.10, step 2

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Axon
Axon of Action
terminal
transmitting potential
neuron arrives
Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Transmitting neuron

Vesicle Neurotrans-
fuses with mitter is re-
plasma leased into
membrane synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
molecules

Ion channels Receiving neuron

Figure 7.10, step 3

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Axon
Axon of Action
terminal
transmitting potential
neuron arrives
Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-

mitter binds
Vesicle Neurotrans- to receptor
fuses with mitter is re- on receiving
plasma leased into neurons
membrane synaptic cleft membrane

Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
molecules

Ion channels Receiving neuron

Figure 7.10, step 4

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Axon
Axon of Action
terminal
transmitting potential
neuron arrives
Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-

mitter binds
Vesicle Neurotrans- to receptor
fuses with mitter is re- on receiving
plasma leased into neurons
membrane synaptic cleft membrane

Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
molecules

Ion channels Receiving neuron

Neurotransmitter
Receptor
Na+

Ion channel opens

Figure 7.10, step 5

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Axon
Axon of Action
terminal
transmitting potential
neuron arrives
Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-

mitter binds
Vesicle Neurotrans- to receptor
fuses with mitter is re- on receiving
plasma leased into neurons
membrane synaptic cleft membrane

Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft
molecules

Ion channels Receiving neuron

Neurotransmitter
broken down
Neurotransmitter and released
Receptor Na+
Na+

Ion channel opens Ion channel closes

Figure 7.10, step 6

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Transmission of a Signal at Synapses
Axon
Axon of terminal Action
transmitting potential
neuron arrives
Vesicles

Synaptic
cleft

Receiving
neuron Synapse

Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-

mitter binds
Vesicle to receptor
Neurotrans-
fuses with on receiving
mitter is re-
plasma neurons
leased into
membrane membrane
synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter
Synaptic cleft molecules

Ion channels Receiving neuron

Neurotransmitter
broken down
Neurotransmitter and released
Receptor Na+
Na+

Ion channel opens Ion channel closes

Figure 7.10, step 7

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings