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Encapsulation, Data Hiding and Static Data Members

Encapsulation in C++ binds data and code together using classes. Classes allow modeling real-world objects where characteristics are represented by data members and operations by member functions. Structures in C++ can also contain functions. The document then discusses using a class or structure with public access specifiers and member functions to develop an algorithm and C++ code to calculate the finish time of an online examination given the start time and duration. It also covers constant member functions, static data members that are shared among all class objects, and static member functions that can be called without class objects.

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Prajwal Mali
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71 views32 pages

Encapsulation, Data Hiding and Static Data Members

Encapsulation in C++ binds data and code together using classes. Classes allow modeling real-world objects where characteristics are represented by data members and operations by member functions. Structures in C++ can also contain functions. The document then discusses using a class or structure with public access specifiers and member functions to develop an algorithm and C++ code to calculate the finish time of an online examination given the start time and duration. It also covers constant member functions, static data members that are shared among all class objects, and static member functions that can be called without class objects.

Uploaded by

Prajwal Mali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Encapsulation, Data

Hiding and Static Data


Members
Encapsulation in C++
Bind the Data and Code together

Classes are provided in C++ to bind data and


code together
View everything in world as objects

Generalization of objects is classes

Characteristics / Properties are data members


and operations that can be performed by the
objects / on the objects are member functions
What are Classes?
Stroustrup initially named classes as
structures with functions
In C++, structures can have functions
Time Problem
In a online examination system, each test
will be scheduled for x minutes. The
student is free to take up the test on his
convenience but once he starts the test, he
must complete. Given the start time and
the value of x for an examination, develop
an algorithm and write a C++ code for the
examination system to calculate the finish
time of the test.
Structural Programming for Time
Problem
Its also possible to write a purely
procedural program in C++

Time problem shall be solved using


purely structural programming in C++
Structures in C++
Can have functions in it
Solution for time problem with
functions in structure
Classes in C++
Similar to structures, only access
specifier changes
Data hiding is achieved by using access
specifiers
By default all members of structures in
C++ has public access whereas
members of classes have private
access by default
Access Specifiers in C++
Three
Public
Private
Protected
Public Access Specifier is used in the
program
Definition of member functions are
Constant member functions
A function becomes const when const
keyword is used at the end of functions
declaration
The idea of const functions is not allow them
to modify the object on which they are called.
It is recommended practice to make as many
functions const as possible so that accidental
changes to objects are avoided.
Constant member functions
Objects can also be constants

Constant functions can be accessed


by both constant and non-const
member functions
Static Data Members
Class members static usingstatickeyword

Shared by all objects of the class

Shall be initialized outside the class using


scope resolution operator
Staticdata members can be referred to
without referring to an object of class type but
by using class name and scope resolution
operator
Each object
has a copy of
normal
variables
whereas static
variables are
shared among
the objects

In figure,
Variable1,
Variable2 etc
are normal
variables
Static Member Functions
can be called even if no objects of the
class exist and thestaticfunctions are
accessed using only the class name
and the scope resolution operator::.
can only access static data member,
other static member functions and any
other functions from outside the class.

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