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    Volterra

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    Clint Austin
    Vito Volterra constructed a function in 1881 whose derivative exists and is bounded for all x, but whose derivative cannot be integrated. Specifically, he defined a function that is differentiable at every point, with a bounded derivative, but the derivative is discontinuous at certain points, preventing its integration. This function demonstrated that a derivative can exist at every point while still being non-integrable.

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    Volterra

    Uploaded by

    Clint Austin
    63 views29 pages
    Vito Volterra constructed a function in 1881 whose derivative exists and is bounded for all x, but whose derivative cannot be integrated. Specifically, he defined a function that is differentiable at every point, with a bounded derivative, but the derivative is discontinuous at certain points, preventing its integration. This function demonstrated that a derivative can exist at every point while still being non-integrable.

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    Vito Volterra constructed a function in 1881 whose derivative exists and is bounded for all x, but whose derivative cannot be integrated. Specifically, he defined a function that is differentiable at every point, with a bounded derivative, but the derivative is discontinuous at certain points, preventing its integration. This function demonstrated that a derivative can exist at every point while still being non-integrable.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    63 views29 pages

    Volterra

    Uploaded by

    Clint Austin
    Vito Volterra constructed a function in 1881 whose derivative exists and is bounded for all x, but whose derivative cannot be integrated. Specifically, he defined a function that is differentiable at every point, with a bounded derivative, but the derivative is discontinuous at certain points, preventing its integration. This function demonstrated that a derivative can exist at every point while still being non-integrable.

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    VitoVolterra,1881:There

    existsafunction,F(x),
    whosederivative,F'(x),
    existsandisboundedforall
    x,butthederivative,F'(x),
    cannotbeintegrated.


    TheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus:


    F' x
    1.Ifthen f x

    2.Iffdoesnothaveajumpdiscontinuity
    atx,then d
    dx
    f t


    IfFisdifferentiableatx=a,can
    F'(x)bediscontinuousatx=a?


    IfFisdifferentiableatx=a,can
    F'(x)bediscontinuousatx=a?

    Yes!



    F x



    F x

    F' x



    F x

    F' x

    F' 0








    F x

    F' x

    F' 0

    lim

    x





    CantorsSet

    FirstdescribedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875


    CantorsSet

    FirstdescribedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
    ThenbyVitoVolterra,1881


    CantorsSet

    FirstdescribedbyH.J.S.Smith,1875
    ThenbyVitoVolterra,1881

    AndfinallybyGeorgCantor,
    1883


    CantorsSet

    0 1/3 2/3 1

    Remove[1/3,2/3]


    CantorsSet

    0 1/9 2/9 1/3 2/3 7/9 8/9 1

    Remove[1/3,2/3]

    Remove[1/9,2/9]and[7/9,8/9]


    CantorsSet

    0 1/9 2/9 1/3 2/3 7/9 8/9 1

    Remove[1/3,2/3]

    Remove[1/9,2/9]and[7/9,8/9]

    Remove[1/27,2/27],[7/27,8/27],[19/27,20/27],and
    [25/27,26/27],andsoonWhatsleft?


    CantorsSet

    0 1/9 2/9 1/3 2/3 7/9 8/9 1


    1 L

    Whatslefthas

    measure0.
    1 2 2 2 2 3
    =1 1+ + + +L
    3 3 3 3
    1 1
    =1 =11=0.
    2
    3 1 3


    CreateanewsetliketheCantorsetexcept
    thefirstmiddlepieceonlyhaslength1/4
    eachofthenexttwomiddlepiecesonlyhavelength1/16
    thenextfourpieceseachhavelength1/64,etc.

    Theamountlefthassize 1 L

    1 2 2 2 2 3
    =1 1+ + + +L
    4 4 4 4
    1 1 1
    =1 =
    1
    4 1 2 2


    WellcallthissetSVC(forSmithVolterraCantor).
    Ithassomesurprisingcharacteristics:
    1.SVCcontainsnointervalsnomatterhowsmalla
    subintervalof[0,1]wetake,therewillbepointsinthat
    subintervalthatarenotinSVC.SVCisnowheredense.


    WellcallthissetSVC(forSmithVolterraCantor).
    Ithassomesurprisingcharacteristics:
    1.SVCcontainsnointervalsnomatterhowsmalla
    subintervalof[0,1]wetake,therewillbepointsinthat
    subintervalthatarenotinSVC.SVCisnowheredense.
    2.Givenanycollectionofsubintervalsof[0,1],whose
    unioncontainsSVC,thesumofthelengthsofthese
    intervalsisatleast1/2.


    Volterrasconstruction:

    Startwiththefunction F x

    Restricttotheinterval[0,1/8],exceptfindthelargestvalueof
    xonthisintervalatwhichF'(x)=0,andkeepFconstantfrom
    thisvalueallthewaytox=1/8.


    Volterrasconstruction:

    Totherightofx=1/8,takethemirrorimageofthis
    function:for1/8<x<1/4,andoutsideof[0,1/4],define
    f1 x
    thisfunctiontobe0.Callthisfunction.


    Volterrasconstruction:

    f1 x isadifferentiablefunctionforallvaluesofx,but
    lim
    x


    Nowweslidethisfunctionoversothattheportionthat
    isnotidentically0isintheinterval[3/8,5/8],that
    middlepieceoflength1/4takenoutoftheSVCset.


    Wefollowthesameproceduretocreateanew
    f2 x
    function,,thatoccupiestheinterval[0,1/16]
    andis0outsidethisinterval.


    f2 x
    Weslideonecopyofintoeachinterval
    oflength1/16thatwasremovedfromtheSVC
    set.


    Volterrasfunction,V(x),iswhatweobtaininthelimitas
    wedothisforeveryintervalremovedfromtheSVCset.
    Ithasthefollowingproperties:
    1.Visdifferentiableateveryvalueofx,andits
    derivativeisbounded(belowby1.013andaboveby
    1.023).


    Volterrasfunction,V(x),iswhatweobtaininthelimitas
    wedothisforeveryintervalremovedfromtheSVCset.
    Ithasthefollowingproperties:
    1.Visdifferentiableateveryvalueofx,andits
    derivativeisbounded(belowby1.013andaboveby
    1.023).
    2.Ifaisaleftorrightendpointofoneoftheremoved
    intervals,thenthederivativeofVataexists(andequals
    0),butwecanfindpointsarbitrarilyclosetoawherethe
    derivativeis+1,andpointsarbitrarilyclosetoawhere
    thederivativeis1.


    Nomatterhowwepartition[0,1],thepiecesthat
    containendpointsofremovedintervalsmusthave
    lengthsthatadduptoatleast1/2.
    ThepiecesonwhichthevariationofV'isatleast2
    musthavelengthsthatadduptoatleast1/2.


    Recall:
    Vi
    Integralexistsifandonlyifcanbemadeas
    smallaswewishbytakingsufficientlysmallintervals.

    Vi


    Conclusion:VolterrasfunctionVcanbe
    differentiatedandhasaboundedderivative,butits
    derivative,V',cannotbeintegrated:

    d
    V x
    dx

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