Introduction to

Programming
Engr. Rashid Farid Chishti
[email protected]
Chapter 03: Loops and Decisions
International Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
http://www.iiu.edu.pk
Relational Operators
//demonstrates relational operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> n;
cout<<n<<"< 10 is "<<(n < 10)<<endl;
cout<<n<<"<=10 is "<<(n <= 10)<<endl;
cout<<n<<"> 10 is "<<(n > 10)<<endl;
cout<<n<<">=10 is "<<(n >= 10)<<endl;
cout<<n<<"==10 is "<<(n == 10)<<endl;
cout<<n<<"!=10 is "<<(n != 10)<<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Number Systems
Base 16 Base 10 Base 8 Base 2
0 0 0 0000
1 1 1 0001
2 2 2 0010
3 3 3 0011
4 4 4 0100
5 5 5 0101
6 6 6 0110
7 7 7 0111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
A 10 12 1010
B 11 13 1011
C 12 14 1100
D 13 15 1101
E 14 16 1110
F 15 17 1111
Bits and Bytes
All data is represented internally by
computers as sequences of bits.
Each bit can assume the value 0 or 1.
4 bits = 1 nibble
8 bits = 2 nibble or 1 byte
210 bytes = 1 Kilo Byte or 1KB
220 bytes = 1 Mega Byte or 1MB
230 bytes = 1 Giga Byte or 1GB
240 bytes = 1 Tera Byte or 1TB
Logic Gates and Bitwise
Operators
A B A OR B A AND B A XOR B NOT A NOT B
A|B A&B A^B ~A ~B
0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Bitwise Operators in C++ are
Bitwise AND ( & )
Bitwise OR ( | )
Bitwise Exclusive OR ( ^ )
Bitwise NOT ( ~ )
Left Shift ( << )
Right Shift ( >> )
 Left Shift( << ) and Right Shift
( >> ) left shift (<<) and right shift (>>)
//demonstrates
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
short n;
cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> n;
cout <<n<< "<<1 = " <<(n << 1)<<endl;
cout <<n<< "<<2 = " <<(n << 2)<<endl;
cout <<n<< "<<3 = " <<(n << 3)<<endl;
cout <<n<< "<<4 = " <<(n << 4)<<endl<<endl;
cout <<n<< ">>1 = " <<(n >> 1)<<endl;
cout <<n<< ">>2 = " <<(n >> 2)<<endl;
cout <<n<< ">>3 = " <<(n >> 3)<<endl;
cout <<n<< ">>4 = " <<(n >> 4)<<endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Bitwise Operators
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip> // for setw()
using namespace std;
int main(void) {
short var1 = 0x0035 & 0x000F; // bitwise AND
short var2 = 0x0004 | 0x0068; // bitwise OR
short var3 = 0x0054 ^ 0x00F0; // bitwise XOR
short var4 = ~ 0x0055; // bitwise NOT

cout<<setw(4)<<hex<< var1 <<endl

<<setw(4)<<hex<< var2 <<endl
<<setw(4)<<hex<< var3 <<endl
<<setw(4)<<hex<< var4 <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Bitwise Operators
//swap two numbers without using extra variable
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int A,B;
cout << "Enter two Numbers: ";
cin >> A >> B;
cout<<"A="<< A <<", B="<< B <<endl;
A = A^B; // A XOR B
B = A^B;
A = A^B;
cout<<"A="<< A <<", B="<< B <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Logical Operators: && , || , !
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(void) {
cout<<"( 3 || 0)="<<( 3 || 0)<<endl; // logical OR
cout<<"( -3 || 5)="<<( -3 || 5)<<endl; // logical OR
cout<<"('5' || -2)="<<('5' || -2)<<endl; // logical OR
cout<<'\n';
cout<<"( 3 && 0)="<<( 3 && 0)<<endl; //logical AND
cout<<"( -3 && 5)="<<( -3 && 5)<<endl; //logical AND
cout<<"('5' && -2)="<<('5' && -2)<<endl; //logical AND
cout<<'\n';
cout<<"(! 0)="<<( ! 0 )<<endl; //logical NOT
cout<<"(! -3)="<<( ! -3)<<endl; //logical NOT
cout<<"(!'5')="<<( !'5')<<endl; //logical NOT
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Decision Making in C++
Often, people base their decisions on certain
conditions. For example, a person might go to
a doctor if he feels sick. The decision,
whether to go the doctor, is based on a
certain condition: feeling sick. The same is
true when using programs.
All of the previous programs had sequential
execution: each statement in the program
executes once, and they are executed in the
same order that they are listed.
You can design your program so that it selects
which code to execute based on certain
conditions.
Decision: Using the if
statement
The if statement allows conditional
Its syntax is
execution.

if(condition)
statement;
where condition is an integral expression and
statement is any executable statement.
The statement will be executed only if the value
of the integral expression is nonzero (TRUE).
When we want to run more than one statements
based on some condition, the syntax looks like
this:
if(condition){
many_statement_terminated_with ;
}
 Decision: Using the if
statement
// This program tests if one positive integer is not
// divisible by another:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n,d;
cout << "Enter two positive integers: ";
cin >> n >> d;
if (n%d)
cout << n << " is not divisible by " << d << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Decision: Using the if
statement
// demonstrates IF with multiline body
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int x;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> x;
if( x > 100 ){
cout << "The number " << x;
cout << " is greater than 100\n";
}
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Decision: Using the if
statement
// The Minimum of Three Integers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n1,n2,n3,min;
cout << "Enter three integers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
min=n1; // now min <= n1
if (n2 < min)
min = n2; // now min <= n1 and min <= n2
if (n3 < min)
min = n3; // now min <= n1,min <= n2,and min <= n3
cout << "Their minimum is " << min << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Decision: Using the ifelse
statement
The if..else statement causes one of two
alternative statements to execute depending upon
whether the condition is true. Its syntax is
if(condition) statement1;
else statement2;
where condition is an integral expression and
statement1 and statement2 are executable state-
ments.
If the value of the condition is nonzero (TRUE)
then statement1 will execute; otherwise (FALSE)
statement2 will execute.
 Decision: Using the ifelse
statement
// demonstrates Ifelse
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int x;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> x;
if( x % 2 )
cout << "This is an Odd Number" <<endl;
else
cout << "This is an Even Number" <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Decision: Using Nested if
// Using Nested Selection Statements
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
int x,y;
cout << "Enter Value of X: "; cin >> x ;
cout << "Enter Value of Y: "; cin >> y ;
if ( x > 5 ){
if ( y > 5 )
cout << "(X > 5) and (Y > 5 ) \n";
else
cout<<"(X > 5 ) but (Y <= 5 )\n";
}
else
cout << "(Y might be > 5 ) but (X <= 5 ) \n";

system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Decision: Using the else if
statement
// demonstrates Ifelse
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;
if (age < 18)
cout << "You are a child.\n";
else
if(age < 65)
cout << "You are an adult.\n";
else
cout << "you are a senior citizen.\n";
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
 Decision: Using compound
Conditions
// using compound statements
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int x,y;
cout << "Enter Value of X: "; cin >> x ;
cout << "Enter Value of Y: "; cin >> y ;
if (( x >= 5) &&( y >= 5))
cout << "(X >= 5) and (Y >= 5 ) \n";
if (( x > 5) &&( y < 5))
cout << "(X >= 5) and (Y < 5 ) \n";
if (( x < 5) &&( y >= 5))
cout << "(X < 5) and (Y >= 5 ) \n";
if (( x < 5) &&( y < 5))
cout << "(X < 5) and (Y < 5 ) \n";
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
 Decision: Using compound
Conditions
// using compound statements
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n1,n2,n3;
cout << "Enter three integers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
if (n1 <= n2 && n1 <= n3)
cout << "Their minimum is " << n1 <<endl;
if (n2 <= n1 && n2 <= n3)
cout << "Their minimum is " << n2 <<endl;
if (n3 <= n1 && n3 <= n2)
cout << "Their minimum is " << n3 <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Decision: Using compound
Conditions
// using compound statements
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char ans;
cout << "Are you enrolled (y/n): ";
cin >> ans;
if (ans == 'Y' || ans == 'y')
cout << "You are enrolled.\n";
else
cout << "You are not enrolled.\n";
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Decision: Using the else if
statement
// This program converts a Marks into Grades
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){ int score;
cout << "Enter your Marks in Subject: "; cin >> score;
if(score>100) cout<<"Error: Marks Can not be > 100\n";
else if (score >= 80) cout << "Your grade is [A] \n";
else if (score >= 75) cout << "Your grade is [B+] \n";
else if (score >= 70) cout << "Your grade is [B] \n";
else if (score >= 65) cout << "Your grade is [C+] \n";
else if (score >= 60) cout << "Your grade is [C] \n";
else if (score >= 55) cout << "Your grade is [D+] \n";
else if (score >= 50) cout << "Your grade is [D] \n";
else if (score >= 0) cout << "Your grade is [F] \n";
else cout << "Error: Marks can not be less than 0.\n";
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
 Decision: Using the switch
statement
// demonstrates switch ... Case
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int x,y; char op;
cout << "Enter two integers: "; cin >> x >> y;
cout << "Enter an operator [+,-,*,/,%]: "; cin >> op;
switch (op){
case '+': cout << x + y << endl; break;
case '-': cout << x - y << endl; break;
case '*': cout << x * y << endl; break;
case '/': cout << x / y << endl; break;
case '%': cout << x % y << endl; break;
default: cout <<"Invalid Operator \n";
}
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
 Decision: Using the ? :
statement
// demonstrates ? :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int m,n;
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
cin >> m >> n;
cout << ( m < n ? m : n ) << is the minimum. \n;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
// The conditional expression ( m<n ? m : n ) evaluates
// to m if m < n, and to n otherwise.
Loops
Loops cause a section of your program to be
repeated a certain number of times.
The repetition continues while a condition is
true.
When the condition becomes false, the loop
ends and control passes to the statements
following the loop.
There are three kinds of loops in C++:
the for loop,
the while loop,
and the do...while loop.
while loop
// Using Compound Statements
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x,loop_count=0;
cout << "How much counting you want? ";
cin >> x ;
while(loop_count <= x)
{
cout << loop_count <<" ";
loop_count++;
}

system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
while loop
// computes the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + + n,
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int last_no, sum = 0, current_no = 1;
cout << "Enter a Positive Number: ";
cin >> last_no;
cout << "0";
while (current_no <= last_no){
sum = sum + current_no;
cout << "+" << current_no;
current_no++;
}
cout << " = " << sum <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Using break to terminate a loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int last_no,sum=0, current_no=1;
cout << "Enter a Positive Number: ";
cin >> last_no;
cout << "0";
while (true){
if (current_no > last_no)
break; // terminates the loop immediately
sum = sum + current_no;
cout<<"+"<<current_no;
current_no++;
}
cout << " = " << sum <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Using break to terminate a
loop<iostream>
// prints all the Fibonacci numbers up to an input limit:
#include
using namespace std;
int main(){
long bound;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: "; cin >> bound;
cout << "Fibonacci numbers < " << bound << " = 0,1";
long f0=0,f1=1;
while (true){
long f2 = f0 + f1;
if (f2 > bound)
break; // terminates the loop immediately
cout << "," << f2;
f0 = f1; f1 = f2;
}
cout<<endl;
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Using dowhile loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
unsigned char choice=0;
do{
cout<<"\n Do U want exit [y,n]:";
cin >>choice;
}
while (choice!='y' && (choice!='Y'));

cout << "\n Bye Bye \n" ;

system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Using dowhile loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
long dividend, divisor;
char ch;
do // start of do loop
{ // do some processing
cout << "Enter dividend: "; cin >> dividend;
cout << "Enter divisor: "; cin >> divisor;
cout << "Quotient is " << dividend / divisor;
cout << ", remainder is " << dividend % divisor;
cout << "\n Do another? (y/n): "; //do it again?
cin >> ch;
}
while( ch != 'n' ); // loop condition
return 0;
}
Using for loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n; long sum = 0;
for(int i=1; i <= n; i++)
sum = sum + i;
cout << "The sum of the first " << n
<< " integers is " << sum <<endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Using for loop
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n, i=1;
cout << "Which Table: ";
cin >> n;
for( ; i <= 20; i++)
cout << setw(3) << i << "*" << n << " = "
<< setw(3) << i*n << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Using for loop
// Calculating factorial
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
unsigned long n, i, fact=1;
cout << "n!: ";
cin >> n;
if( n < 1 )
exit(0);
for( i=1 ; i <= n; i++)
fact = fact*i;
cout << n << "! = " << fact << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Using for loop to calculate
prime
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
long n;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
if (n < 2) cout << n << " is not prime." << endl;
else if (n < 4) cout << n << " is prime." << endl;
else if (n%2 == 0) cout << n << " = 2*" << n/2 << endl;
else{
for (int d=3; d <= n/2; d += 2)
if (n%d == 0){
cout << n << " = " << d << "*" << n/d << endl;
exit(0);
}
cout << n << " is prime." << endl;
}
system("PAUSE"); return 0; }
 Finding Reverse using while
loop<iostream>
// Writing in Reverse
#include
using namespace std;
int main(){
long m, d , n = 0;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: "; // e.g. 123456
cin >> m;
while ( m > 0 ){
d = m % 10; // d will be the right-most digit of m
m /= 10; // then remove that digit from m
n = 10*n + d; // and append that digit to n
}
cout << "The reverse is " << n << endl;
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
Using continue and break
// Using Writing in Reverse
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int n;
for (;;){
cout << "Enter int: "; cin >> n;
if (n%2 == 0)
continue; // Stay in Loop
if (n%3 == 0)
break; // Come out of loop
cout << "\n I m in loop \n";
}
cout << "\n I m outside of loop \n";
system("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
Assignment #2
1. Write a program that prints the minimum
of four input integers.
2. Write a program that finds the median of
three input integers.
3. Write a program to find the min of 3
numbers using ? : operator
4. Using a while loop write a program to
Compute a Sum of Reciprocals of first n
numbers This program computes the sum of
reciprocals s = 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/3 + +
1/n,
5. Using nested for loops write a program to
show all prime numbers in range given by
user.
6. Write a program using do..while loop to
compute the sum of the first n squares,
where n is input.