BRIDGE

Substructure
Analysis
and
Design
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
Substructure Analysis and
Design

Orientation to AASHTO Seismic Code

Provisions
Seismic Analysis- STAAD Stick
Modeling
Seismic Analysis- STAAD Multi-Mode
Analysis
Design of Columns
- Combination of Orthogonal
Seismic
Forces
- Column Design Using PCACOLBRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 DESIGN OF BORED/ FOOTING ON PILE
FOUNDATION

- STAAD Stick Modeling

- Determination of Design Forces From
the Results of Plastic Hinging at
Columns
- Calculation of Soil Spring Constants
- Design of Bored Pile Reinforcement
Using PCACOL.
- Design of Bored Piles for Axial Load
Capacity BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
Steps in the Analysis/Design o
Substructure
1. Create stick model based on
the
bridge topology.
. Assume that it satisfes the
hydraulic/geometric parameter.
. Assume sizes of members,
materials
design stresses for concrete &
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 STICK MODEL

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10101111 121213
29 26 14 30 28 22
25 13 27 19
18 30 31
15 26 23
16 22 20
14
19 27 24
16
17 23 21
15
20 28 25
17
18 24
21 29

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
Calculate Superstructure
Dead Load

Railing
Post
Sidewalk
Slab
Girders
Diaphragm BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 2. Calculation of Superstructure
Properties
R.C. Deck composite
y with PSC -

2300 200
AASHTO Girder
x z

2300 1150 1150 2300

9540

Area of the Section

Moment of Inertia
Aslab Ix = Ix_s + Ix_h + Ix_g
Ahaunch Iy = I y_s + Iy_h + Iy_g
Agirder Iz = Iz_s + Iz_h + Iz_g
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Girder
Enter 1 2 P r3o p4e r t
5 i e6
s 7 8
A (m2) 0.17810.23810.36130.50900.65350.70000.56060.6123
0.0094 0.0212 0.0521 0.1085 0.2167 0.3051 0.1380 0.1701
Iz (m4) 6 1 9 1 0 2 8 2
yt (m) 0.39140.51230.62840.74300.78840.90470.77190.8042
yb (m) 0.31980.40210.51460.62810.81180.92400.70130.7706
d (m) 0.711 0.914 1.143 1.372 1.6 1.829 1.473 1.575
Bbf (m) 0.406 0.457 0.559 0.66 0.711 0.711 0.66 0.66
Btf (m) 0.305 0.305 0.406 0.508 1.067 1.067 0.508 0.508
b' (m) 0.152 0.152 0.178 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.203 0.203
0.0013 0.0021 0.0050 0.0100 0.0245 0.0256 0.0111 0.0122
Iy (m4)
8 9 6 3 1 1 5 57
0.0013 0.0024 0.0052 0.0099 0.0110 0.0116 0.0145 0.0228
Ix (m4)
0 1 3 0 4 8 9 8
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 3. Use multi-mode in seismic
analysis of
the structure
By STAAD III, SAP 2000 , etc.

4. Combined orthogonal forces

based on
the
Loading output 1,
Combination LC1 = 100% EQL +
30% EQT
Loading Combination 2, LC2 = 100% EQT +
30% EQL
Group Load = 1.0 (D + B + SF + E + EQ)
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
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BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 ELASTIC SEISMIC FORCES - M 21/Jt.3
LONGITUDINA TRANSVERSE
L DIRECTION DIRECTION
SHEA MOMEN MOMEN
AXIAL SHEAR
LOADING R T T
(kN) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
DEAD 2,441.
0.00 0.00 0.81 1.5
LOAD 4
LONG.EQ
0.00 141.2 450.1 0.00 0.00
.
TRAN. 2,922. 1,668.
106.4 314.9 5,118.1
EQ. 7 3
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 ELASTIC SEISMIC FORCES cont
LOAD COMBINATION
LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE
DIRECTION DIRECTION
LOADIN SHEA SHEA MOMEN
AXIAL MOMENT
G R R T
COMB. (kN) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
Load
876.8 173.2 544.6 500.5 1,535.4
Case 1
Load 2,922. 1,668.
148.8 449.9 5,118.1
Case 2 7 3

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 GROUP LOADING OF
DESIGN FORCES
LONGITUDINA TRANSVERSE
L DIRECTION DIRECTION
SHEA MOMEN MOMEN
LOADING AXIAL SHEAR
R T T
Max Min
COMB. (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
(kN) (kN)
Load 3,318. 1,564.
173.2 544.6 500.5 1,535.4
Case 1 3 7

Load 5,364. -
148.8 449.9 1,668.3 5,118.1
Case 2 2 481.24
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 5.Column
Analysis/Design.
.Determine the Nominal Design
Forces from FEA output (elastic
MODIFIED
forces).DESIGN FORCES
(single Number of
=3 = 2
column). Apply Response ColumnModifcation
LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE
= 5 (multi-column)
Factor. DIRECTION DIRECTION
LOADING AXIAL SHEAR MOMENT SHEAR MOMENT
COMBINATIO
Max (kN)Min (kN) (kN) (kN-m) (kN) (kN-m)
N
Load Case 1 3,318 1,565 173 109 500 307
Load Case 2 5,364 -481 149 90 1,668 1,024
. . . Load Case 2
Governs ! ! ! . . . BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 DETERMINE RESPONSE
MODIFICATION FACTOR, R
(Article3.6)
SUBSTRUCTURES R CONNECTIONS R
Wall Type Pier 2 Superstructure to 0.8
Abutments
Reinforced Concrete Pile
Bents 3 Expansion Joint within a
a) vertical piles only 2 Span of the Superstructure 0.8
b) one or more battered
piles
Single Columns 3
Steel or Composite Steel Columns, Piers or Pile 1.0
and Bents to Cap Beam or
Concrete pile bents Superstructure
5
a) vertical piles only 3
b) one or more battered Columns to Pier or 1.0
piles Foundation BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Apply Column Slenderness Factor
Column Properties
Diameter, D = 1.50 m
Unsupported Length, Lu = 8.60 m
Clear Height, H = 7.50 m
D2
Gross Area, Ag =
4
= 1.77 m
Dc2
Core Area, Ac =
4
= 1.54 m
D4
Moment of Inertia, Ig =
64
= 0.25 m4
Ig
Radius of Gyration, r =
Ag BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
= 0.38 m
MOMENT MAGNIFICATION
Maximum Dead Load Moment, MDL = 2 kN-m
Maximum Total Load Moment, Mmax = 1,028 kN-m
MDL 1.5E-
Ratio d = d =
Mmax 03
( Ec Ig / 2.5 )
Flexural Stiffnes of 2.15E+06 kN-
EI = ( 1 + EI =
Column, m2
d )
Factored Axial 5,364.2
Pu = Pmax Pu =
Load, kN
EI 28,036,984
Buckling Load, Pc = Pc =
(kLu) kN
Spiral as Lateral Reinforcement, = 0.75
Moment Magnification Factor not braced
against sidesway,
1

s = Pu s = 1.00 > 1.00

1 - P
c
Magnified Design
Mc = Mmax Mc = 1,028 kN-m
BRIDGES DIVISION
Moment, BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Calculate Reduction Factor for
Compression
MODIFIED STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR,
Pmax
3485
Maximum Axial Stress, Pmax = Pmax =
Ac kPa

4.20
20% Concrete Compressive Strength, 0.20f'c=
MPa
P 0.20 f'c * 6,465
Approx. Bal. Axial Load, = Pb =
b Ac kN

Pmax
0.90 - 0.5
Mod. Strength Red. Factor, = 0.5 =
0.40 0.20 7
f'c

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Design column using the
governing
forces from LC1 or LC2 as
modifed
MAGNIFIED ELASTIC DESIGN FORCES
by R.M.F & C.S.F.
1,028 kN-
M DESIGN =
m
...DESIGN COLUMN USING PCACOL
Pmax DESIGN = 5,364 kN
PROGRAM
Pmin DESIGN ...NOTE : 0.01 < As / Ag <
= -481 kN
0.06

3 0.0
Use - 25mm As/Ag = O.K. !!!
6 1
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 lum n
of Co
n
Desig

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Plastic Hinging
Analysis
VP
1.3 Mn

L h

MP1 MP2 1.3 Mn

V1 V2 VP
P a P

MP = 1.30 MnPP1 = PDL - P P = (V*h - MP)/a

V = MP /L PP2 = PDL + P %Diff. = (VT1 VT2)/VT1

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Plastic Hinging Analysis,
STE
cont
1.3*M (kN- P Axial Force
Mn (kN-m) n
Shear Force (kN) Diff.
P m) (kN) (kN)
Mn1 Mn2 Mp1 Mp2 V1 V2 Total P Pp1 Pp2
-
5,30 5,30 6,89 6,89 1,83 1,83 3,67 6,32 8,76 xxx
1 3,87
0 0 0 0 7 7 5 0 2
9
-
7,15 2,15 9,29 2,79 2,47 3,22 4,24 6,68
2 745 1,80 12 %
0 0 5 5 9 4 5 7
4
-
6,70 3,30 8,71 4,29 2,32 1,14 3,46 5,07 7,52
3 2,63 -8 %
0 0 0 0 3 4 7 9 0
7
-
6,85 2,93 8,90 3,80 2,37 1,01 3,39 4,81 7,25
4 2,37 2%
0 0 5 9 5 6 0 2 4
1
5 - - - - - - - - - - -
6 - - - - - - - - - - -

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Colum
Hingi n Plastic
ng-In
t er a c
tion

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Design of confnement
reinforcement
Column
A) Concrete Properties B) Reinforcing
:Steel
Diameter of
D = 1.50 m Spiral Diameter,
Column,
20 d
Diameter of Core, Dc= 1.40 m = 16mm
mm s
Effective Depth, d= 1.18 m Shear Reinf. Area,
Shear Strength 201
s= 0.85 Av =
Reduc. Factor, mm

Column End Region :

Dimension of the column end region is the larger
of :
a) Max.cross-section
= 1500 mm
dimension
b) 1/6 clear height of
= 1500 mm
column BRIDGES DIVISION
c) 18 inches or 450 BUREAU OF DESIGN
= 450 mm
Column Shear & transverse reinf. @ end
region
Factored :
Design V
= V PLASTIC
Shear Force, u
V
= 1,675 kN Pmin = PDL - P
u

Vu
va = va = 1,111 kPa
s . D . d
Pmin
min = min = 1,342 kPa
Ag
0.10f'
10% of Compressive Strength of Concrete, = 2,100 kPa
c
Shear Stress Carried 0.16
vc = vc = 0 kPa
by Concrete, 6 f'c
Shear Stress Carried 345.0
vs = va - vc vs = 1,111 kPa
by Reinf., KPa
Number of Legs
Nl = 2 leg(s) fy = 276.0 MPa
Provided
Av . fy
Spiral Spacing, s= s = 67 mm
vs . D BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
Transverse reinf. for
confinement
@ plastic hinges : Ag f'c
0.4
= -1 = 0.005
1 5 Ac fy 1

0.1 f'c
= = 0.009
2 2 fy 2

Number of Bars in
Nb = 1 pcs.
a Bundle
4 . Av 100
Spiral Spacing s= s= 60 mm
. Dc mm

Maintain this Spacing from face of column

connection into adjoining member over
length,
L
= 750 mm
s
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
Column shear & transverse
reinf.
Outside
Factored end region :
Design Shear Vu = V PLASTIC
Force,
Vu =1,675 kN
Vu
va = va = 1,111 kPa
s . D . d
f'c
vc = vc = 764 kPa
6
345.0
vs = va - vc vs = 347 kPa
KPa
Number of
Legs Nl =2 leg(s)
Provided
Spiral Av . fy
s= s = 213 mm
Spacing vs . D BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Extended column spirals
into coping, min. = D/2

Column End
Region
H/6, D, or 18
Column Outside

D
Region

Column Section

Column End
Extended column spirals
Region
into footing, min. = D/2

16mm @ ..............
H/6, D, or 18

300 o.c.
............. d

d d Extended Pile Reinf.

w/ hoops or ties
T Y P I CA L P I E R D ETA I L S BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Design of
Coping
DESIGN FORCES : :
Reaction Dead Load ;
Interior Span
RDL = 3837.4 kN

Reaction Live Load ;( From FEA Output )

@ Pier Number of Girders
RLL = 596.8 kN NG = 4 pcs.

Column Plastic Hinging Forces

Along Transverse Direction :
Mp1 = 5137.8 kN-m Mp2 = 5137.8 kN-m

Coping Data : Material Properties :

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 1,109 kN 1,109 kN 1,109 kN 1,109 kN
0.95 m 1.35 m 1.35 m 1.35 m 0.95 m
451 kN/m

5,138 kN-m 5,138 kN-m

1.75 m 5.00 m 1.75 m

From FEA
Member No. 2
Output
Shear Dead 1,244 Moment Dead 1,136
Vdl = Mdl =
Load, kN Load, kN.m
Shear Col. 1,876 Moment Col.
Vpf = Mpf =4,690 kN.m
Forces, kN Forces,
Design 5,826
Design Shear , V Md = kN.m
d =3,120 kN Moment ,
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Design of
D E S I G NFooting
D ATA : : Conc.
Concrete Comp. fc' = 20.7 MPa weight, c = 24 kN/m
Strength,
Steel Yield
Soil
Strength, fy = 414.0 MPa s = 18 kN/m
weight,

Pile Allowable BPAL Water 9.81

= 700.0 kN w =
Bearing Power, L weight, kN/m
Factor of Safety
F.S. = 3.0
FOOTING DESIGN FORCES
@ EQ. Time
:
ELASTIC FORCES
P
Pmax DESIGN = 5,364 kN
U
V 5,138 kN-
V ELASTIC = 1,675 kN-m M ELASTIC MU =
U m

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
Fo o t i n g
Pa r a m e t e r s :
Footing 4.00
FL = No.of Columns Nc = 1 pcs.
Length m
Footing 4.00
FW = Footing weight Wf = 384 kN
Width m
Footing 1.00
FT = Soil depth St = 0.00 m
thickness m
Pile 0.15
Pe = x- axis
Soil weight Ws = 0.0 kN

1.00 m0.5 m
Embedment m
Pile edge 0.50 Column
Ped = Dc = 1.50 m
distance m diameter
4.00 m
1.00 m

Z- axis
0.5 m1.00 m

0.5 m1.00 m1.00 m1.00 m0.5 m

4.00 m BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Pile Group Moment of Number of R.C.
NP = 16
Inertia Piles
Reference : Centroid of Footing Plan
Pile Spacing Pile Spacing Pile Spacing Pile Spacing
x-
z - axis x - axis z - axis x - axis z - axis x - axis z - axis
No. axis No. No. No.
1.50 -0.50 1.50 -1.50 1.50
1.50 m 0.50 m 1.50 m
1 m 5 9 m m 13 m m
1.50 -0.50 0.50 -1.50 0.50
0.50 m 0.50 m 0.50 m
2 m 6 10 m m 14 m m
1.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -0.50 -1.50 -0.50
0.50 m
3 m m 7 m 11 m m 15 m m
1.50 -1.50 -1.50 -0.50 -1.50 -1.50 -1.50
0.50 m
4 m m 8 m 12 m m 16 m m
IX = z2 IX = 20.0 m4
IZ = x2 IZ = 20.0 m4
Toe 1.25 Heel Eccentricit
= = 1.25 m ec = 0.0 m
width m width y

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 5,364 kN

5,138 kN-m

1.00 m
0.5 m
1.00 m
1.00 m
1.00 m
0.5 m
BP1-4 BP5-8 BP9-12 BP13-16
Pile Actual Bearing Power

B MU . c
= PU +
P Npile I
Pile Actual BP Pile Actual BP Pile Actual BP Pile Actual BP
x-
x - axis z - axis x - axis z - axis x - axis z - axis z - axis
No. No. No. No. axis
721 721 -50
464 kN 721 kN 207 kN 721 kN 721 kN
1 kN kN 5 9 13 kN
721 464 -50
464 kN 464 kN 207 kN 464 kN 464 kN
2 kN kN 6 10 14 kN
BRIDGES DIVISION
721 207 -50
464 kN 207 kN 207 kN 207 kN 207
BUREAU OF kN
DESIGN
3 kN kN 7 11 15 kN
Pile Allowable Bearing Power ;
BPAL 1,470
PALL . F.S. E PALL
=L = kN

Group Pile Loading :

Efficiency of Pile Group
n - 1 . m+m - 1 . n
E= 1 - . E = 0.70
90 . m . n

the efficiency or the decimal fraction of the

E = single pile value to be used for each pile in the
group
m = the number of rows in each group
n = the number of piles in each row
=4
=4
d = the average diameter of the pile
= 0.45 m
s = center to center spacing of piles
= 1.00 m
tan = d/s
BRIDGES DIVISION
= 24 BUREAU OF DESIGN
 1.25 m
120 kN

1.00 m
0.5 m0.75 m
BP1-4

Lever
Fo r c e s Moment
Arm
RP1- 2,882 2,162 kN-
= 0.75 m
4 kN m
RP5- 1,855
= 0.0 m 0 kN-m
8 kN
Tw = -120 kN 0.63 m-75 kN-m
4,617 2,087 kN-
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
V = kN M = m
 C h e c k f o r Pu n c h i n g S h e a r :

Shear shall be investigated for individual piles

Consider outermost pile in compression as causing a punching
shear effect
Actual Punching Shear :
Vup = 721 kN
Col. side equivalent 1329
Ss = 0.25 Dc2 Ss =
sq.; mm
Pile
D
Effective width;: bO = 9317mm width/dept = 450 mm
P
h;
Pile long Pile short
lC = 450mm sC = 450 mm
width ; width ;
R.C. Pile width - ratio ; bC = 1
Allow. Punching Shear
:
2 1 13,963
VC1 = S 1 + fc' bO dte VC1 =
bC 6 kN
1 BRIDGES DIVISION
VC2 = S fc' bO dte VC2BUREAU
= 9,308 kN
OF DESIGN
3
 Design of Structural
Capacity
Design : :
Parameter

Concrete Comp.
fc' = 28 MPa
Strength,
25,029
Modulus of Elasticity, EP = 4730 f'c EP =
MPa
Number of N
Pile width, b = 450 mm = 16 pcs.
Piles, P
Moment of
Pile depth, d = 450 mm IP = 0.0034 m4
Inertia,
Calculated scour Footing B
SD = 0 mm = 1,000 mm
depth, depth, h

Footing dist. from Shear V 1,675

Dd = 2,000 mm =
NGL., Force, u kN

Coefficient of lateral subgrade

@ Borehole . 1
reaction :
depth from river 6.00 N-value at z-
z= N = 38
bed, m depth,
BRIDGES DIVISION
Coefficient of variation of lateral subgrade reaction : BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Reduction factor for pile spacing :
0.45
=
D m
0.2
= =
R 5 pile spacing, sp 3D
coeff. of fz 19,607
subgrd. Kh = R Kh =
D kN/m
reaction
Characteristic Length :
5
EPIP 1.34
depth of fixity, T= T=
Kh m
Hypothetical Point of Fixity of Pile :
1.8
=
Lc T Lc = 2.4 m
Total height from point of fixity to top of pile :
S
H = Lc D D =
+ + D H 4.4 m
Moment Demand :
V
Mu = u H Mu = BRIDGES
462 kN-mDIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
NP
 e
. Pil
f R.C
gn o
Desi

BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN
 Thank You
and
God Bless !!!
BRIDGES DIVISION
BUREAU OF DESIGN