Thermodynamics: Specific Learning Objective at The End of The Session The Student Should Be Able To Explain
Thermodynamics: Specific Learning Objective at The End of The Session The Student Should Be Able To Explain
Thermodynamics: Specific Learning Objective at The End of The Session The Student Should Be Able To Explain
In Chemistry In Living
System System
THERMODYNAMICS
1. Kinetic energy
2. Radiant energy
3. Thermal energy
4. Chemical energy
5. Potential energy
Definition of type energy
continued
The Activated Complex form the reaction:
A+B AB# P
Definition of type energy
Thermodynamic Law
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamic I is the law
of conservation of energy
Thermodynamic III
The relationship between chemical energy
and other forms of energy, with examples.
Energy change in chemical reactions
System Surroundings
SYSTEM AND SURROUNDING
Surrounding we
Three type of systems mean everything
be else
Surrounding
Thermodynamic I study
of conservation of energy
The first law of thermodynamic
U = q + w
which is essentially a statement of the
law of conservation of energy.
Where :
1. The term U represents the change of internal
energy of the system,
2. q is the thermal energy (heat) added to the
system, and w is the work done on the
system.
The chemical reactions that need energy
E = hv
E = KE + BE hv = KE + BE
in which :
* KE is the kinetic energy of the
ejected electron and
* BE is the binding energy of the
electron in the metal
The energies that the electron
in the hydrogen atom
1
En = R H
n2
In which RH, the Rydberg constant,
has the value 2.18 x 10-18 J
The number n is an integer called the
principal quantum number; it has the
value n = 1, 2, 3,.
Strength of Covalent
Bond
STRUCTURE
SATURATED: UNSATURATED :
Bonding : are and bonding.
formed by overlap bonding
of two atomic
orbitals, each of
which contains one
electron
(pi) bond
ENTHALPY
r H = H prod H react
Example No. 1 :
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
S = S2 S1 = CP ln T2/T1 (P
constant)
S = S2 S1 = CV ln T2/T1 (V
constant)
Absolute entropy
G is function of state
dG 0 (constant T and P)
The quantity G is called the Gibbs energy
Value of G in a system
at constant T and P
G = H - TS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROCESSES
WITH GIBBS FREE ENERGY
In Chemistry In Living
System System
What was The Thermodynamic
Studied in Living System?
ATP consists of
adenine (a purine),
ribose and three
phosphate groups,
out of which the
two terminal
phosphate groups
being anhydride
bonds are the high
energy groups
Structure of ATP
Energy change in chemical reactions
A. exergonic reaction
B. endergonic reaction
C. exothermic reaction
D. endothermic reaction
E. kinetic reaction
The reaction of glucose become to glucose-6-
phosphate as follows:
Pi + glucose glucose-6-P + H2O
G0 = +13.8 (kJ.mol-1)
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi
G0 = -30.5 (kJ.mol-1)
ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-P
G0 = -16.7 (kJ.mol-1)
Phosphoryl-transfer Reactions
R1-O-PO32- + R2-OH R1-OH + R2-O-PO32-
Are of enormous metabolic significance.
Some of the most important reactions of
this type involve the synthesis and
hydrolysis of ATP:
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi
ATP + H2O AMP + PPi
For examples: next slide
Continuation: Energy transfer in the body
Hyperthermia:
Is an elevation of body temperature above
the hypothalamic set point due to
insufficient heat dissipation (e.g. in
association with exercise perspiration-
inhibiting drugs, or a hot environment)
the topic in Lab activity (salicylat
poisoning)
Summary References:
1. Warn, J.R.W., 1999, Concise Chemical
Thermodynamics, Second Edition,
Stanley Thornes Ltd., United Kingdom.