Chemical Bonding

Comparison of Properties
Ionic Compounds
Covalent Compounds
Metals
 Essential Questions
Why/How do atoms combine with
one another to form the vast array of
chemical substances that exist?
What is ionic, covalent and metallic
bonding and how do the types of
bonding determine properties of
matter?
 Properties of Matter
Macroscopic properties of matter
vary greatly due to the type of
bonding
 What is a chemical bond?
An attractive force
that holds two atoms
together
Can form by
The attraction of
positive ion to a
negative ion or
The attraction of the
positive nucleus of
one atom and the
negative electrons of
another atom
 Bond
the interaction between two or more
atoms that allows them to form a
substance different from the
independent atoms.
involves the outer (valence) electrons
of the atoms.
These electrons are
transferred from one atom to another or
shared between them.
 Chemical Bond Energy
Considerations

A chemical bond forms when it is

energetically favorable
when the energy of the bonded atoms
is less than the energies of the
separated atoms.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBPqSuIN-3E

Al + I2
 Bonding
Chemical compounds are formed by
the joining of two or more atoms.
A stable compound occurs when the
total energy of the combination has
lower energy than the separated
atoms.
The bound state implies a net
attractive force between the atoms ...
a chemical bond.
Energy Changes in Bonding
When bonds are formed, energy is
released.
Demonstrations:
Formation of an Ionic Compound: Mg + O2

Formation of a Molecular Compound: S +

O2
 Breaking Bonds
In order to break bonds energy must
be added, usually in the form of heat,
light, or electricity.
Demonstration: Electrolysis of water
Demo: Decomposition of Nitrogen
Triiodide
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=z5vsQ8sPgX4
Three Types of Bonding

Metallic Ionic

Covalent
 Chemical Bonds
In chemical bonds, atoms
can either transfer or
share their valence
electrons.
When atoms transfer electrons
Ionic Bonds

When one or more atoms lose

electrons and other atoms gain them
in order to produce a noble gas
electron configuration, the bond is
called an ionic bond.
 Ionic Bonding
metallic atoms tend to lose electrons
When they do so, they become positively charged
ions which are calledcations.
Nonmetallic atoms tend to gain electrons to become
negatively charged ions which are calledanions.
These oppositely charged cations and anions are
attracted to one another because of their opposite
charges.
That attraction is called anionic bond. We often
refer to the charge on the ion as theoxidation
stateof that element.
Positive Ion (Cation) Formation Negative Ion (Anion) Formation
Na has one valence electron.
It loses it to Chlorine.
Na now has a filled valence shell.
(an octet)
Becomes positive one in charge
Chlorine has seven valence
electrons.
It gains one electron from Na.
Chlorine now has filled octet.
Chlorine has a negative one
charge. (Chloride ion)
Na+1 attracts Cl-1 and forms the
ionic bond.
 Ionic Bonds
Part 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf07-
8Jhhpc
Part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5EwmedLuRmw
Part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RkZNYuSho0M
 Ion Formation
All of the elements in Group I have
one electron in their outermost
energy level.
All of these elements can lose that
one valence electron.
These atoms become cations with a
positive one charge.
 Elements in Group II have two
electrons in their outermost energy
level.
So, when these elements lose
electrons, they lose two electrons
and take on a positive two charge.
 The transition metals and the metals to the
right of them generally form more than one ion.
We call these elements multivalent. The
charges on their ions are not always
predictable, although some patterns do exist.
A few of the transition elements form only one
ion or oxidation state. For example zinc ion,
silver ion and scandium ion.
Zn2+ zinc ion
Ag+ silver ion
Sc3+ scandium ion
 Anions
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons.
The halogens - fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine -
have a strong attraction for electrons.
Their outermost energy levels are almost full. There is only
room for one more electron in the outer energy levels for
each of those atoms. Consequently, the elements fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, and iodine will gain one electron, and
become anions with a negative one charge.
Oxygen, sulfur, and the other elements in that family will
gain two electrons.
In the next group over, nitrogen, phosphorus and arsenic
can take on three electrons.
+1
+2 +3 -3 -2 -1
 Ionic Nomenclature
Naming Ionic Compounds
Video of the Process
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=URc75hoKGLY
 Ionic Compounds
Made of cations and anions
Metals and nonmetals
The electrons lost by the cation are
gained by the anion
The cation and anions surround each
other
Smallest ratio of ions in an ionic
compound is a FORMULA UNIT.
 Cations
Positive ions
Formed by losing electrons
More protons than electrons
usually Metals

+1
K Has lost one electron

+2 Has lost two electrons

Ca
 Anion
A negative ion
Has gained electrons
Non metals
Charge is written as a super script
on the right.

-1 Has gained one electron

F
-2 Has gained two electrons
O
 Formula Unit
The smallest whole number ratio of
atoms in an ionic compound.
Ions surround each other so you
cant say which is hooked to which
 Naming Ions
We will use the systematic way
Cation- if the charge is always the
same just write the name of the
metal
Transition metals can have more
than one type of charge
Indicate the charge with a Roman
numeral in parentheses
 Name these
Na+1
Ca+2
Al+3
Fe+3
Fe+2
Pb+2
Li+1
 Write Formulas for these
Potassium ion

Magnesium ion

Copper (II) ion

Chromium (VI) ion

Barium ion

Mercury (II) ion

 Naming Anions
Change the element ending to ide
F-1 Fluorine
 Name these
Cl-1

N-3

Br-1

O-2

Ga+3
 Write these
Sulfide ion
iodide ion
phosphide ion
Strontium ion
 Polyatomic ions
Groups of atoms that stay together
and have a charge
You must memorize these or use
an ion sheet common examples
Acetate C2H3O2-1
Nitrate NO3-1
Nitrite NO2-1
Hydroxide OH-1
Permanganate MnO4-1
Cyanide CN-1
 More Polyatomic ions
Sulfate SO4-2 Phosphate PO4-3
Sulfite SO3-2 Phosphite PO3-3
Carbonate CO3-2
Ammonium
Chromate CrO4 -2
NH4+1
Dichromate
Cr2O7-2
 Practice with Ions
Use the practice worksheet to
determine the ions formed.
Learn to use your periodic table and
pink sheet to determine charges
(oxidation state.)
 Binary Ionic Compounds
Binary Compounds
2 elements.
a cation and an anion.
To write the names just name the two
ions.
Easy with Representative elements
Groups 1, 2, 13
NaCl = Na+ Cl- = sodium chloride
MgBr2 = Mg+2 Br- = magnesium bromide
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
with Variably Charged Cations
The problem comes with the
transition metals (Groups 3-12) since
their charge can vary
Need to figure out their charges
The compound must be neutral
same number of + and charges.
Use the anion to determine the
charge on the positive ion
Charge of the cation is a Roman
numeral in the name
 Example
Write the name of CuO
Need the charge of Cu
O is -2
copper must be +2
Copper (II) chloride
 Example
Name CoCl3
Cl is -1 and there are three of them
= -3
Co must be +3 Cobalt (III) chloride
 Another Example
Write the name of Cu2S.
Since S is -2, the Cu2 must be +2, so
each one is +1.
copper (I) sulfide
 Last Example
Fe2O3

Each O is -2 3 x -2 = -6
3 Fe must = +6, so each is +2.
iron (III) oxide
 Naming Binary Ionic
Compounds
Write the names of the following
KCl
Na3N
CrN
Sc3P2
PbO
PbO2
Na2Se
 Ternary Ionic Compounds
Will have polyatomic ions
At least three elements
Name the ions
NaNO3

CaSO4
CuSO3
(NH4)2O
 Ternary Ionic Compounds
LiCN

Fe(OH)3

(NH4)2CO3

NiPO4
 Writing Formulas
Given the name write the formula
1. The charges have to add up to zero
2. Write down each ion with charges

3. Make the charges equal by adding

subscripts
4. Put polyatomic ions in parentheses if
you need more than one of them
 Writing Formulas Example
Write the formula for calcium
chloride.
 Another Example
Aluminum nitrate
Write the formulas for these
Lithium sulfide
tin (II) oxide
tin (IV) oxide
Magnesium fluoride
Copper (II) sulfate
Iron (III) phosphide
Write the formulas for these
gallium nitrate

Iron (III) sulfide

Ammonium chloride

ammonium sulfide

barium nitrate
 Things to look for
If cation has (Roman Numeral), the
number is the charge
If anions end in -ide they are
probably off the periodic table
(Monoatomic)
If anion ends in -ate or -ite it is
polyatomic
Ionic Solids
Ionic solids are solids composed of ionic
particles (ions).
These ions are held together in a regular
array by ionic bonding.
Ionic bonding results from attractive
interactions from oppositely charged
ions.
In a typical ionic solid, positively charged
ions are surrounded by negatively
charged ions and vice-versa.
The close distance between these
oppositely charged particles results in
very strong attractive forces.
The alternating pattern of positive and
negative ions continues in three
dimensions.
The regular repeating pattern is
analogous to the tiles on a floor or bricks
on a wall.
called the crystal lattice.
 Ionic Compounds
Crystalline solids
(made of ions)
High melting and
boiling points
Conduct electricity
when melted or
dissolved in water
Demo: Electrolytes
Many are soluble
in water but not in
non-polar liquid
Comparison of Conductivity
Common Ionic Compounds
NaCl - sodium chloride -
table salt
KCl - potassium chloride -
present in "light" salt
(mixed with NaCl)
CaCl2 - calcium chloride -
driveway salt
NaOH - sodium hydroxide -
found in some surface
cleaners as well as oven
and drain cleaners
CaCO3 - calcium carbonate
- found in calcium
supplements
NH4NO3 - ammonium
nitrate - found in some
fertilizers
 Ionic vs Molecular
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=PKA4CZwbZWU
 Covalent (Molecular)
Compounds
Gases, liquids, or
solids (made of
molecules)
Low melting and
boiling points
Poor electrical
conductors in all
phases
Many soluble in
non-polar liquids
but not in water
Molecular (Covalent)
Substances
 Covalent Network Solids
Covalent because
combinations of
nonmetals
Interconnected
very hard and
brittle
Insoluble
Extreme melting Diamond
and boiling points
 Covalent Bonds
involve the sharing of a pair of
valence electrons by two atoms
Such bonds lead to stable
molecules if they share electrons
in such a way as to create a noble
gas configuration for each atom
Covalent bonding can be visualized
with the aid of a Lewis Structure
 Polar Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds in which the sharing
of the electron pair is unequal
the electrons spend more time
around the more nonmetallic atom
In such a bond there is a charge
separation with one atom being
slightly more positive and the other
more negative. will produce a
dipole moment.
Types of Covalent bonds

Pure Covalent (also called

non-polar covalent) bonds
are ones in which both
atoms share the electrons
evenly
By evenly, we mean that
the electrons have an equal
probability of being at a
certain radius from the
nuclei of either atom.
Polar covalent bonds are
ones in which the electrons
have a higher probability of
being in the proximity of one
of the atoms
Determined by
Electronegativity
Difference
Electronegativity
the periodic property that
indicates the strength of the
attraction an atom has for the
electrons it shares in a bond.
Atoms with high
electronegativities tend to hold
tightly to their electrons or to
form negative ions.
These elements are found to the
upper right on the periodic table.
Atoms with low
electronegativities tend to have a
lower attraction for their
electrons and may form positive
ions.
These elements are found to the
lower left on the periodic table.
 Pure covalent or Non-polar
covalent bond
Electronegativity difference of 0.3 or
less in between the two atoms.
A pure covalent bond can form between
two atoms of the same element (such
as in diatomic oxygen molecule)
or atoms of different elements that
have similar electronegativies (such as
in the carbon and hydrogen atom in
methane).
 Polar Covalent Bond
A is a pair of electrons shared between two
atoms with significantly different
electronegativities (from 0.3 to 1.7
difference).
These bonds tend to form between highly
electronegative non-metals and other non-
metals, such as the bond between
hydrogen and oxygen in water.
 Ionic Bonds
In compounds that have elements with
very different electronegativities
(greater than 1.7 difference), the
electrons can be considered to have
been transferred to form ions.
 Many of the properties of a
compound, such as solubility and
boiling point, depend, in part, on the
degree of the polarity of its bonds.
 Examples to Determine Bond
Character
Using electronegativity in the prediction of
the polarity of a chemical bond.

sodium bonded to chlorine

Difference between the electronegativities of
Na(0.9) and Cl(3.0) are so great that they form
an ionic bond.

The hydrogen molecule (2 H atoms bonded

to each other)
zero electronegativity difference, form a
non-polar covalent bond.
 Bond Character
Nonpolar-Covalent bonds (H2)
Electrons are equally shared
Electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.3
Polar-Covalent bonds (HCl)
Electrons are unequally shared
Electronegativity difference between .3 and
1.7
Ionic Bonds (NaCl)
Electrons are transferred
Electronegativity difference of more than 1.7
 Diatomic Molecules
hydrogen gas H2
the halogens:
chlorine Cl2
fluorine F2
bromine Br2
iodine I2
Nitrogen N2
Oxygen O2
Pneumonic Device to remember the
diatomic molecules: Professor
Metals and Metallic Bonding
Typical Properties of Metals
Malleable
Ductile
Good Conductors of Heat and Electricity
Generally high melting and boiling
points
 Metallic Bonds

The properties of metals suggest that

their atoms possess strong bonds
yet the ease of conduction of heat and
electricity suggest that electrons can
move freely in all directions in a metal
The general observations give rise to a
picture of "positive ions in a sea of
electrons" to describe metallic bonding.
Metal Properties

Malleable and Ductile

Strong and Durable
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Their strength indicates that the atoms are difficult to
separate strong bonds
but malleability and ductility suggest that the atoms
are relatively easy to move in various directions.
The electrical conductivity suggests that it is easy to
move electrons in any direction in these materials.
The thermal conductivity also involves the motion of
electrons. All of these properties suggest the nature of
the metallic bonds between atoms. (Electron sea
model)
 Metallic Bonding
Electron Sea Model
Explained by the Electron Sea
Model
the atoms in a metallic solid
contribute their valence electrons
to form a sea of electrons that
surrounds metallic cations.
delocalized electrons are not held
by any specific atom and can
move easily throughout the solid.
A metallic bond is the attraction
between these electrons and the
metallic cation.

 Metallic Bonding
the Electron Sea Model
The more
delocalized
electrons the
stronger the bond
 A mixture of elements that has
metallic properties is called an alloy.
Two types of alloys
An interstitial alloy is one in which the
small holes in a metallic crystal are filled
by other smaller atoms.
A substitutional alloy is one in which
atoms of the original metal are replaced
by other atoms of similar size.
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds Metallic Compounds
-Formed from a combination of metals -Formed from a combination -Formed from a combination
and nonmetals. of nonmetals. of metals
-Electron transfer from the cation to the -Electron sharing between -sea of electrons;
anion. atoms. electrons can move among
-Opposite charged ions attract each atoms
other.

Solids at room temperature Can be solid, liquid, or gas Solids at room temperature
at room temperature.

High melting points Low melting points Various melting points

Dissolve well in water Do not dissolve in water Do not dissolve in water.
(Sugar is an exception)

Conduct electricity only when dissolved Do not conduct electricity; Conduct electricity in solid
in water; electrolytes non electrolytes form.

Brittle, hard Soft Metallic compounds range in

hardness. Group 1 and 2
metals are soft; transition
metals are hard. Metals are
malleable, ductile, and have
luster.