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INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODES
By:
Masni A. Majid

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 Introduction
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The structural Eurocodes are European suite of

codes for structural design, developed over twenty-
five years (Started since 1975)

By 2010 they have effectively replaced the current

British Standard as the primary basis for designing
buildings and civil engineering structures in the UK.

Claimed to be the most technically advanced

structural design codes in the world.

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Have been developed to improve the

competitiveness of the European construction
industry both within and outside the European
Union.

Eurocode is actually a performance code which has

more advantages over British Standard, which is a
descriptive code.

Eurocode should result in more economic structures

than BS.

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 The Eurocodes
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The Eurocode Family (58 all together)

EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9 Design of aluminum alloy structures

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With Wisdom We Explore

 Format of the Eurocodes
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Each Eurocode contains:-

o National Fowarded
o Main text and Annexes
o National Annex

National annex gives Nationally Determined

Parameters (NDPs)

NDPs have been allowed for reason of

safety, economy and durability

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 Format of the Eurocodes
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The family of Eurocodes is based on principles

rather than methods

Format of all codes is: principles, materials, ultimate,

service, detailing

All materials are subjected to the same limit state

regime

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Eurocodes used subscripts extensively:

Ed = design internal effect

e.g. Ned = design axial force

Rd = design resistance
e.g. NRd = design resistance of axial force

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EN 1990 : EUROCODE
Basis of Structural
Design

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 EN 1990
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Section 1 General

Section 2 Requirements

Section 3 Principles of Limit State Design

Section 4 Basic Variables

Section 5 Structural analysis and design assisted

by testing
Section 6 Verification by the partial factor method

Annex A1 Application for buildings

Annex A2 Application for bridges

Annex B Management of structural reliability for

construction works
Annex C Basis for partial factor design and
reliability analysis
Annex D Design assisted by testing

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EN 1991 : EUROCODE 1
Actions on Structures

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 EN 1991
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EUROCODE 1: ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES

EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self weight and imposed loads

EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal loads
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and
machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks

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 EN 1991-1-1
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Contents
Section 1 General

Section 2 Classification of actions

Section 3 Design situations

Section 4 Densities of construction and stored

materials
Section 5 Self-weight of construction works

Section 6 Imposed load on buildings

Annex A Tables for nominal density of construction

materials, and nominal density and angle
of repose of stored materials
Annex B Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks

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EN 1992 : EUROCODE 2
Design of Concrete
Structures

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 EN 1992
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EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

EN 1992-1 General rules and rules for

buildings

EN 1992-1-2 General rules Structural fire

design

EN 1992-2 Concrete bridges design and

detailing rules

EN 1992-3 Liquid retaining and

containment structures

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 EN 1992-1
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Section 1 General

Section 2 Basis of design

Section 3 Materials

Section 4 Durability and cover to reinforcement

Section 5 Structural analysis

Section 6 Ultimate limit states (ULS)

Section 7 Serviceability limit states (SLS)

Section 8 Detailing of reinforcement & prestressing

tendons -General
Section 9 Detailing of members and particular rules

Section 10 Additional rules for precast structures

Section 11 Lightweight aggregated concrete

structures
Section 12 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete
structures

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 EN 1992-1
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Contents
Annex A Modification of partial factors for materials

Annex B Creep and shrinkage strain

Annex C Reinforcement properties

Annex D Detailed calculation method for prestressing steel relaxation losses

Annex E Indicative Strength Classes for durability

Annex F Reinforcement expressions for in-plane stress conditions

Annex G Soil structure interaction

Annex H Global second order effects in structures

Annex I Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls

Annex J Examples of regions with discontinuity in geometry or action

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 EUROCODE vs BS
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Eurocodes Title Superseded standards
EN 1990 Basis of structural design BS 8110: Part 1- Section 2
EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self weight and
BS 6399: Part 1 and BS 648
imposed loads
EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed
-
to fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads BS 6399: Part 2
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads BS 6399: Part 3
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal loads -
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution -
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions -

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 EUROCODE vs BS
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Eurocodes Title Superseded standards

EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges BD 37/88
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes -
and machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks -
EN 1992-1-1 General rules for buildings BS 8110: Part 1, 2 and 3
EN 1992-1-2 General rules Structural fire
BS 8110: Part 1 Table 3.2
design
EN 1992-2 Concrete bridges design and
BS 5400: Part 4
detailing rules
EN 1992-3 Liquid retaining and
BS 8007
containment structures

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 EUROCODE vs BS
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Eurocodes used different terminology:

Eurocode British Standard
Action Force or imposed displacement
Verification Check
Resistance Capacity
Execution Construction
Permanent action Dead load
Variable action Live load or imposed load
Isostatic Primary

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 Key Differences of EC2
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EC2 is generally laid out to give advice on the basis

of phenomena / behavior (e.g. bending, shear etc)
rather than by member type as in BS 8110 (e.g.
beams, slabs, columns etc).

Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength

(fck) not cube strength (fcu).

EC2 does not provide derived formulae (e.g. for

bending only the details of the stress block are
expressed).

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 Key Differences of EC2
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 Key Differences of EC2
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Concrete strength classes and modulus of elasticity

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 Key Differences of EC2
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 Key Differences of EC2
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Units for stress are mega pascals, Mpa

(1 MPa= 1 N/mm2)

EC2 uses comma for a decimal point.

One thousandth is represent by %.

The partial safety factor for steel reinforcement is

1.15. The characteristic yield strength is 500 Mpa.

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 Key Differences of EC2
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Minimum concrete cover is related to bond strength,

durability and fire resistance. There is allowance for
deviations due to variations in execution.

Higher strengths of concrete are covered by EC 2,

up to class C90/105.

The effects of geometric imperfection are considered

in addition to lateral loads.

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 Key Differences of EC2
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The variable strut inclination method is

used for the assessment of the shear
capacity of a section.

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Serviceability checks can still carried out using

deemed to satisfy span to effective depth (l/d)
rules similar to BS 8110.

The rules for determining the anchorage and lap

length are more complex than the simple tables in
BS 8110.

The punching shear checks are carried out at 2d

from the face of the column and for a rectangular
column, the perimeter is rounded at the corners.

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With Wisdom We Explore