Digital Camera
Uploaded by
Sunil PillaiDigital Camera
Uploaded by
Sunil PillaiDigital Cameras
Prepared By
Chaudhari hiren s
Basics
• The first step is to create a digital version of the
image .
• There are two commonly available methods for
creating a digital image:
• Take a photograph using a film emulsion, process it
chemically, print it onto photographic paper and
then use a digital scanner to sample the print.
• Use a device that will sample the original light that
bounces off your subject to create a digital
image . This device is called a digital camera.
Sometimes, it is referred to as a filmless camera.
A Filmless Camera
• The key difference between a digital camera and a
film-based camera is that the digital camera has no
film .
• it has a sensor that converts light into electrical
charges .
• The image sensor employed by most digital
cameras is a charge coupled device (CCD).
Some low -end cameras use complementary
metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology .
The Difference Between CCD and CMOS
• CCD sensors, as mentioned above, create high- quality,
low- noise images. CMOS sensors, traditionally, are more
susceptible to noise.
• Because each pixel on a CMOS sensor has several transistors
located next to it, the light sensitivity of a CMOS chip is lower.
Many of the photons hitting the chip hit the transistors
instead of the photodiode.
• CMOS sensors traditionally consume little power.
Implementing a sensor in CMOS yields a low-power sensor.
• CCDs, on the other hand, use a special process that consumes
lots of power. CCDs consume as much as 100 times more
power than an equivalent CMOS sensor.
• CMOS chips can be fabricated on just about any standard
silicon production line, so they tend to be extremely
inexpensive compared to CCD sensors.
• CCD sensors have been mass produced for a longer period of
time, so they are more mature. They tend to have higher
quality pixels , and more of them.
How the Camera Captures Color
• each photosite is colorblind. It only keeps
track of the total intensity of the light
that strikes its surface. In order to get a
full color image, most sensors use filtering
to look at the light in its three
primary colors.
How the three colors mix to form
many colors
• There are several ways of recording the three
colors in a digital camera. The highest quality
cameras use three separate sensors, each
with a different filter over it. Light is directed
to the different sensors by placing a beam
splitter in the camera
A spinning disk filter
• A more economical and practical
way to record the three primary
colors from a single imag is to
permanently place a filter over
each individual photosite.
• The most common pattern of filters is
the Bayer filter pattern. This
pattern alternates a row of red and
green filters with a row of blue and
green filters.
Lens and Focal Length
• A camera lens collects the available light
and focuses it o n the sensor.
• The important difference between the lens
of a digital camera and the lens of a 35 mm
camera is the focal length.
• As you increase the focal length, you get
greater magnification and objects appear to
get closer .
35 mm
View Typical Uses
Focal Length Equivalent
Wide-angle
Things look shots,
5.4 mm 35 mm smaller and landscapes, large
farther away. buildings, groups
of people
Things look
"Normal" shots
about the same
7.7 mm 50 mm of people and
distance as what
objects
your eye sees.
Things are
Telephoto shots,
16.2 mm 105 mm magnified and
close-ups
appear closer.
Output, Storage and Compression
• digital cameras had fixed storage inside the camera .
• Although most of today's cameras are capable of
the connecting to a serial, parallel, SCSI, and/or USB
ports, they usually provide you with some sort of
removable storage device.
• Each of the Flash memory devices also needs some
sort of caddy or card reader in order to transfer
the data.
• It takes a lot of memory to store a picture with
over 1.2 million pixels .
• There are two features of digital images that make
compression possible. One is repetition. The other is
irrelevancy.
Controlling the Amount of Light
That Reaches the Sensor
• It is important to control the amount of
light that reaches the sensor.
• At the click of a button, it allows a
controlled amount of light to enter through
an opening and focuses the light onto a sensor
(either film or digital).
Optical Zoom vs. Digital Zoom
• a zoom lens is any lens that has an adjustable focal
length.
• An optical zoom actually changes the focal length of
your lens. As a result, the image is magnified by
the lens .
• You can think of an optical zoom as a true zoom
that will improve the quality of your pictures.
• A digital zoom is a computer trick that
magnifies a portion of the information that hits
the sensor.
How It Works
• Aim the camera at the subject and adjust the optical zoom to get
closer or further away.
• Press lightly on the shutter release.
• The camera automatically focuses on the subject and takes a reading
of the available light.
• The camera sets the aperture and shutter speed for optimal exposure.
• Press the shutter release all the way.
• The CCD is reset and then exposed to the light, building up an
electrical charge, until the shutter closes.
• The ADC measures the charge and creates a digital signal
that represents the values of the charge at each pixel.
• A processor interpolates the data from the different pixels to
create natural color. On many cameras, it is possible to see the output
on the LCD at this stage.
• A processor may perform a preset level of compression on the data.
• The information is stored on some form of memory device (probably
a Flash memory card).
Features
• Resolution
• Sensor Technology
• Storage
• Compression Formats
• LCD
• View Finder
• Lens
• Interface
• Exposure Control
• Image Stabilization
• Focus
• Macro
• Movies
• Batteries
• Flash
• Software
Manufacturers
• Canon
• Casio
• Epson
• Fuji
• Hewlett Packard
• Kodak
• Minolta
• Nikon
• Olympus
• Panasonic
• Pentax
• Polaroid
• Sony
Cool Facts
• In the United States, there is roughly one camera
for every adult.
• With a 3-megapixel camera, you can take a higher-
resolution picture than most computer monitors can
display.
• You can use your Web browser to view digital
pictures taken using the JPEG format.
• The first consumer oriented digital cameras were sold
by Kodak and Apple in 1994.
• In 1998, Sony inadvertently sold over 700,000
camcorders with a limited ability to see through
clothes.
• You can use various software programs to "stitch"
together a series of digital pictures to create a large
panorama.
Thank you
