FREQUENCY SELECTIVE

CIRCUITS

Osman Parlaktuna
Osmangazi University
Eskisehir, TURKEY
www.ogu.edu.tr/~oparlak
 FILTERS
Varying the frequency of a sinusoidal source
alters the impedance of inductors and
capacitors. The careful choice of circuit elements
and their connections enables us to construct
circuits that pass a desired range of frequencies.
Such circuits are called frequency selective
circuits or filters.
The frequency range that frequencies allowed to
pass from the input to the output of the circuit is
called the passband.
Frequencies not in a circuits passband are in its
stopband.

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 IDEAL FILTERS
|H(jw)|
|H(jw)|

1 1
passband Stopband Stopband passband

wc w wc w
Ideal low-pass Ideal high-pass
filter (LPF) |H(jw)| filter (HPF)
|H(jw)|

1 1
Sto pas Stopband pas Sto
pba sba pba passban
sba d
nd nd nd wc1nd wc2
wc1 wc2 w w
Ideal band-pass Ideal band-reject
filter (BPF) filter (BRF)
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
 LOW-PASS FILTERS
L

+ The input is a sinusoidal voltage

vi + source with varying frequency. The
R vo
impedance of an inductor is jwL.

At low frequencies, the inductors

+ impedance is very small compared to
vi +
R vo that of resistor impedance, and the
inductor effectively functions as a short
circuit. vo=vi.
As the frequency increases, the
+ impedance of the inductor increases
vi +
R vo relative to that of the resistor. The
magnitude of the output voltage
decreases. As w , inductor
approaches to open circuit. Output
Circuit Analysisvoltage
II approaches Spring
zero. 2005
 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
sL
R R
+ H ( s) L
H ( j ) L
vi(s) +
R vo(s) s R
L j RL
R
H ( j ) L
, ( ) tan 1 RL
2 RL
2

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 CUTOFF FREQUENCY
Cutoff frequency is the frequency at which the
magnitude of the transfer function is Hmax/2.
For the series RL circuit, Hmax=1. Then,
1 R
R
H ( j c ) L
c
2 c RL L
2 2

At the cutoff frequency (wc)=-

450.
For the example R=1, L=1H, wc=1 rad/s

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 EXAMPLE
Design a series RL low-pass filter to filter out any noise
above 10 Hz.
R and L cannot be specified independently to generate a
value for wc. Therefore, let us choose L=100 mH. Then,

R c L (2 )(10)(100 10 3 ) 6.28 F(Hz) |V.| |Vo|

1 1.0 0.995
R
20 10 1.0
Vo ( ) L
Vi Vi
2 RL 2 400 2 0.707
2

60 1.0
0.164

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 A SERIES RC CIRCUIT
R
1) Zero frequency w=0: The
+ impedance of the capacitor is infinite,
vi + C and the capacitor acts as an open
vo
circuit. vo=vi.
2) Increasing frequency decreases the impedance of the
capacitor relative to the impedance of the resistor, and
the source voltage divides between the resistor and
capacitor. The output voltage is thus smaller than the
source voltage.
3) Infinite frequency w=: The impedance of the
capacitor is zero, and the capacitor acts as a short
circuit. vo=0.
Based on the
Circuit aboveIIanalysis, the series
Analysis RC circuit
Spring 2005
 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
R
1 1
+ H ( s) RC
H ( j ) RC
Vi(s) + s 2 RC1
1 2
1/sC Vo(s RC
)

H max H ( j 0) 1
1 1
H ( j c ) (1) RC

2 c2 RC1
2

1
c
RC

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 Relating the Frequency Domain
to the Time Domain

Remember the natural response of the

first-order RL and RC circuits. It is an
L
exponential with a time constant
or RC of
R
Compare the time constants to the
cutoff frequencies for these circuits and
notice

1 that
c

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 HIGH-PASS FILTERS
C
+ At w=0, the capacitor behaves like an
vi +
R vo open circuit. No current flows through
resistor. Therefore vo=0.
As the frequency increases, the
+
vi + impedance of the capacitor decreases
R vo
relative to the impedance of the
resistor and the voltage across the
resistor increases.

+
+ When the frequency of the source is
vi R vo infinite, the capacitor behaves as a
short circuit and vo=vi.

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 QUANTITATIVE
1/sC ANALYSISs j
H (s) H ( j )
Vi(s +
+
Vo(s)
s RC
1
j RC
1
R
)

H ( j )
2

1 2
RC

( j ) 900 tan 1 RC

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 SERIES RL CIRCUIT
R

+ s j
Vi(s) + H ( s) H ( j )
sL Vo(s
s L
R
j RL
)

H ( j )
2 RL
2

H max H ( j) 1
1 c
H ( j c )
2 c2 RL
2

R
c
L
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
 LOADED SERIES RL
CIRCUIT R sL RL
R L
RL sL s
R RL
H ( s)
Vi(s) +
+
RL
R RL sL
RL sL s
RL
R RL
R
L
sL Vo(s

K , KR / L
) Ks
H ( s) , RL
R RL c
s c

The effect of the load

resistor is to reduce the
passband magnitude by
the factor K and to lower
the cutoff frequency by
the same factor.

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 BANDPASS FILTERS
L C
At w=0, the capacitor behaves like
+ an open circuit, and the inductor
vi +
R vo behaves like a short circuit. The
current through the circuit is zero,
L C therefore vo=0.
At w=, the capacitor behaves like
+
vi + a short circuit, and the inductor
R vo
behaves like an open circuit. The
current through the circuit is zero,
L C therefore vo=0.
Between these two frequencies, both
+ the capacitor and the inductor have
vi +
R vo finite impedances. Current will flow
through the circuit and some voltage
reaches to the load.
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
 CENTER FREQUENCY

At some frequency, the impedance of the capacitor

and the impedance of the inductor have equal
magnitudes and opposite signs; the two
impedances cancel out, causing the output voltage
to equal the source voltage. This special frequency
is called the center frequency wo. On either side
of wo, the output voltage is less than the source
voltage. Note that at the center frequency, the
series combination of the inductor and capacitor
appears as a short circuit and circuit behaves as a
purely resistive one.

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 QUANTITATIVE
sL 1/sCANALYSIS R
s
H ( s) L

Vi(s) +
+ s2 R
L s LC1
Vo(s
R RL
) H ( j )
1
LC 2 2

R 2
L

RL
( j ) 90 tan 1
0 1
2

LC

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 CENTER FREQUENCY AND
CUTOFF FREQUENCIES
At the center frequency, the transfer function will be
real, that means: 1 1
j o L 0 o
j o C LC
At the cutoff frequencies, the magnitude of H(jw) is
Hmax/2.
o R
H max H ( jo ) L

1
LC 2 2
o o R 2
L

1 R
LC L
1
LC1 LC1 2 2
1 R
LC L

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 1 c R
1
L

2 1
LC c
2 2 R 2
c L
R
c L 2
c1RC 1
L 1
1 c c2 L c R 1 / C 0
R c RC

c1 2RL 2RL 2 LC1

c 2 R
2L
2RL 2 LC1

It is easy to show that the center

frequency is the geometric mean of o c1 c 2
the two cutoff frequencies
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
 BANDWIDTH AND THE QUALITY
FACTOR
The bandwidth of a bandpass filter is defined as the
difference between the two cutoff frequencies.
c 2 c1
2RL

LC1
R 2


R
LC1
R 2
2L
2L 2L

R

L
The quality factor is defined
as the ratio of the center 1
Q o LC
L
frequency to bandwidth R
L
CR 2

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 CUTOFF FREQUENCIES IN TERMS OF CENTER
FREQUENCY, BANDWIDTH AND QUALITY
FACTOR

2
1 1
c1 o
2
1
c1 o2 2Q 2Q
2 2

2 1
2
1
c 2 o2 c 2 o 1
2 2 2Q 2Q

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 EXAMPLE
Design a series RLC bandpass filter with cutoff
frequencies 1 and 10 kHz.

Cutoff frequencies fo f c1 f c 2 (1000)(10000) 3162.28Hz

give us two
equations but we 1 1
L 2.533 mH
have 3 parameters o C 2 (3162.28) (10 )
2 2 6

to choose. Thus,
fo 3162.28
we need to select Q 0.3514
a value for either f c 2 f c1 10000 1000
R, L, and C and use L 2.533(10 3 )
the equations to R 2
6 2
143.24
find other values. CQ (10 )(0.3514)
Here, we choose
C=1F.
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
 EXAMPLE
R
sL( sC1 ) L
Z eq ( s ) C

+
+
sL sL sC1 sL sC1
Vi(s) 1/sC Vo(s
s
)
H ( s) RC

s2 s
RC LC
1

This transfer function and the transfer function for the

series RLC bandpass filter are equal when R/L=1/RC.
Therefore, all parameters of this circuit can be obtained
by replacing R/L by 1/RC. Thus,

1 1 c1 2 RC
1
2 RC1 2 LC1
o R 2C
Q
LC RC L c 2 1
2 RC
2 RC1 2 LC1
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
 BANDPASS FILTER WITH
PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCE
Ri sL 1/sC
R
s
H (s)
s
+ L
Vi(s) + R Ri
R Vo(s s2 L
1
LC
)

R

H ( j ) L
R Ri R Ri
2
1
1
LC 2
2 R LRi 2
c1
2L

2L

LC
1 R
o H max H ( jo ) R Ri R Ri
2
1
LC R Ri c 2
2L 2L LC
L
R Ri C
Q
L R Ri

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 The addition of a
nonzero source
resistance to a
series RLC bandpass
filter leaves the
center frequency
unchanged but
widens the passband
and reduces the
passband
magnitude.

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 Relating the Frequency
Domain to the Time
Domain
The natural response of a series RLC circuit is
related to the neper frequency
R
2L
and the o 1
LC
resonant
is alsofrequency
o used in frequency domain as the center
frequency.
The bandwidth and the neper frequency are related 2
by
The natural response of a series RLC circuit may be
under-damped, overdamped, or critically damped. The
o2 2 occurs
transition from overdamped to criticallydamped
when . The transition from an overdamped to an
underdamped response occurs when Q=1/2. A circuit
whose frequency response contains a sharp peak at the
center frequency indicates a high Q and a narrow
bandwidth, will have an underdamped natural response.
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
 R=200,
L=1H, C=1F
R=200,
L=2H,
C=0.5F
R=200,
L=0.2H,
C=5F

Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005

 BANDREJECT FILTERS
R R R
+ + +
vi + L vi + vi +
vo L L
vo vo
C C C

At w=0, the capacitor behaves as an open circuit and

inductor behaves as a short circuit. At w=, these roles
switch. The output is equal to the input. This RLC circuit
then has two passbands, one below a lower cutoff
frequency, and the other is above an upper cutoff
frequency.
Between these two passbands, both the inductor and the
capacitor have finite impedances of opposite signs.
Current flows through the circuit. Some voltage drops
across the resistor.
Circuit AnalysisThus,
II the output voltage is smaller than
Spring 2005
 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
R
sL sC1 s 2 LC1
H ( s) 2 R
Vi(s) +
+ R sL sC s L s LC1
1
sL
Vo(s
1/sC )
1
LC 2
H ( j )
1
LC
2 LR
2 2

R
( j ) tan 1 L

1
LC 2
1 R
o
LC L
L
c1 2RL 2RL 2 LC1
Q
R 2C c 2 R
2L
2RL 2 LC1
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005
Circuit Analysis II Spring 2005