70% of Earth is covered with

Water,30% is Land.

SEA WATER
NOT MUCH USEFUL FOR
INDUSTRY,DOMESTIC,AGRICULTURE PURPOSES ETC

SOURCE OF WATER

SEA
RAIN GOD
RIVERS
DAMS
BORE WELLS
DUGWELLS
CANALS

WHAT MIDCS CORPORATIONS,GRAHAMPANCHAYATS

DO TO RAW WATER BEFORE IT COMES TO OUR TAPS?

FILTERATION/SAND FILTER:
FILTERATION IS DONE TO REMOVE THE SUSPENDED
PARTICLES & TURBIDITY FROM WATER.

ALUM+POLY / PAC+POLY:
For Flocculation.

CHLORINATION:
For Disinfection.

HOW THE WATER IS CATEGORIZED OF DISTRIBUTION?

Basically Water is categorized based on:
I.

Priority.

II.

Domestic.

III.

Agriculture.

IV.

Industries.

Any New Project in City or far away from

city, there is a necessity of following things:
1) Source of Water.
2) PSF/ACF.
PSF(Pressure Sand Filter): for taking out the turbidity and
suspended particles.
ACF(Activated Carbon Filter): for taking out the
taste,smell,odour,color.organic matter or part of COD/BOD.

Pressure Sand Filter

Pressure Sand Filter consists of a pressure vessel-this could be
either vertical or horizontal-fitted with a set of frontal pipe work and
valves, graded silica quartz sand supported by layers of graded
under bed consisting of pebbles and gravels, a top distributor to
distribute the incoming water uniformly throughout the cross section
of the filter, and an under drain system to collect filtered water

HOW IT WORKS?

This water treatment plant is used to generate the required operating

pressure in it.

Raw water is passed through sand filter at a pressure of 3.5 kg / cm2.

This reduces the suspended solids that are present in the raw water.

This filter has the ability to remove up to 30 to 50 micron of suspended

solids to less then 5 ppm.

It is mandatory to wash the filter daily with raw water for 20 to 30 minutes.

For the filtration of partials below 30 to 50 micron, the cartridge filter is

used.

Advantages of PSF
1. Efficient Turbidity and TSS Removal.
2. Filter up to 20 30 Microns
3. FRP, CS, MSEP, SS Vessel available
4. ASME Pressure Vessel is also available
5. Standard and effective silica quartz sand media
6. Low Pressure drop across the vessel
7. Air scouring available for high flow pressure vessel
8. Automatic Valves are provided as per customer need
9. Manual, Semi Automatic and Automatic features are provided

ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER

Activated carbon (AC) is generally used in water

treatment for removing free chlorine and / or organic
compounds. Activated Carbon Filter are designed and
manufactured with dual filtering media like sand and
activated carbon. It is also used as pretreatment and
tertiary treatment of waste water. These filters comprises of
a steel pressure vessels containing activated carbon
granules as filter media.

ADVANTAGES OF ACF
Activated carbon is porous carbon material. Due to its highly developed porous
structure and huge specific surface area , activated carbon has very strong
adsorption capacity.
It removes bad odour of water.
It is used as a catalyst or catalyst carrier, to find wide applications in industrial
production, agriculture environmental protection
.
These filters are fitted with no of valves for inlet, outlet, drain and backwash with
suitable piping size to meet the specification of customer and capacity designed by
customer. It is used in sugar industries, Distilleries, Food Industries, Water Boards
etc.

So every plant should atleast have an PSF/ACF.

What is Hardness?
Many industrial and domestic water users are concerned about the hardness of
their water.

Hard water requires more soap and synthetic detergents for home laundry and
washing, and contributes to scaling in boilers and industrial equipment.

Hardness is caused by compounds of calcium and magnesium, and by a

variety of other metals.

Water is an excellent solvent and readily dissolves minerals it comes in contact

with.

As water moves through soil and rock, it dissolves very small amounts of
minerals and holds them in solution.

Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals
that make water "hard."

The hardness of water is referred to by three types of measurements:

grains per gallon, milligrams per liter (mg/L), or parts per million (ppm ).
Water's hardness is determined
by the concentration of multivalent
cations in the water.
Multivalent cations are cations
(positively charged
metal complexes) with a charge
greater than 1+.
Usually, the cations have the
charge of 2+.
Common cations found in hard
water include Ca2+ and Mg2+.

Water Hardness Scale

Grains Per Gallon

less than 1.0
1.0 - 3.5
3.5 - 7.0
7.0 - 10.5
over 10.5

Milligrams Per Liter

(mg/L)or Parts Per
Million (ppm)
less than 17.1
17.1 - 60
60 - 120
120 - 180
over 180

Classification
Soft
Slightly Hard
Moderately Hard
Hard
Very Hard

What is PPM?

PPM stands for parts per million. It is commonly used to express concentration and
temperature coefficients.

100 ppm is identical to 0.01%.

Conversion of ppm to mg/l
Example:
1 ppm = 1mg/l = 1ug /ml = 1000ug/L
ppm = ug/g =ug/ml = ng/mg = pg/ug = 10
ppm = mg/litres of water .

-6

Disadvantages of Hard Water?

It is very difficult to wash clothes with hard water as it requires more

soap and leaves a messy scum that cannot be washed out easily.
When hard water is boiled at home or in industries, it leaves
deposits of calcium and magnesium salts in kettles, hot-water pipes,
boilers and radiators. These deposits reduce the efficiency of
boilers, kettles and pipes and can cause blockages and even
bursting of the boilers.
Hard water is not useful for domestic purposes, viz, washing,
bathing & drinking. The hardness producing ions converts soluble
soaps to insoluble precipitates. This results in wastage of soaps in
washing & bathing.
Hard water is not useful for laboratory analysis, because the
hardness producing ions interfere in various reactions.

Hard water is also not suitable for steam raising in boilers, since
they produce scales on inner plates. Corrosion,Priming,Foaming
and Caustic Embrittlement are the other problems caused by hard
water
Hard water can cause:
1) Falling Hair.
2) Dryness of Skin.
3) Kidney Stone.
4) Yellowish Clothes while washing.

EXAMPLE(WITHOUT SOFTENER)
5 TPH(TONNES PER HOUR) boiler running 24 hr
5*24hr = 120 TPD(TONNES PER DAY) steam generation.
If you find 200PPM Hardness i.e. 200 mg/ltr or 200 gm/m3
So for 120 m3 you feed
120*200gm = 24000 gm = 24 kg /hardness per day.

Water Softener

WATER SOFTENER

Features

The softener comprises Steel /FRP pressure vessels containing a bed

of cation exchange resin, a regenerating system and control valves.

A strongly acidic cation exchange resin in sodium form is used to

exchange sodium ions for the hardness forming calcium and
magnesium ions, and thus produce soft water .

At the end of each service cycle, the ion exchange resin is

regenerated with sodium chloride solution, after which the units is
ready for the next service cycle.

Softeners are available in MS, MSRL, FRP, operating in Manual /

Auto mode.

Advantages
Easy to install and operate.
Produces clear ,soft and non scale forming water.
Low operating costs.
Incorporates high-capacity polystyrene bead type cation
exchange resin which is remarkably stable and has a
long life.

Water Softener Process

1. The backwash phase
removes dirt from the
mineral tank.
2. Recharging the mineral
tank with sodium from
the brine solution
displaces calcium and
magnesium, which is
then washed down the
drain.
3. The final phase rinses
the mineral tank with
fresh water and loads
the brine tank so it's
ready for the next cycle.

Applications
Boiler feed.

Textile processing.

Beverage production.

Cooling water make-up

Hospitals, hotels, laundries & air-conditioning plants.

EXAMPLE (WITH INSTALLATION OF

SOFTENER)
5 TPH(TONNES PER HOUR) boiler running 24 hr
5*24hr = 120 TPD(TONNES PER DAY) steam generation.
You get 5 ppm Hardness by installing a Softener i.e. 5
mg/ltr or 5 gm/m3.
So for 120 m3 you feed
120*5gm = 600 gm = 0.6 kg /hardness per day.

 So 90% of cases the combination is

PSF + ACF + SOFTENER
OR
DMF + SOFTENER

What is Water?
Water (from the Anglo-Saxon and Low German
word, wter) is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless
substance that is essential to all forms of life that we
know of.
Water takes many different shapes on the earth: water
vapor and clouds in the sky, waves and icebergs in the
sea, glaciers in the mountain, and aquifers in the ground,
to name but a few. Through evaporation, precipitation
and runoff, water is continuously flowing from one form
to another, in what is called the water cycle

Characteristics of Water?

Colour
Turbidity
Odour
Taste
Solid contents.

Water Related Problems

Scaling(soft).
Scaling(hard).
Corrosion.
Biological Growth.
Oxygen Pitting.
Carry Over.

Typical Water Analysis

1. Aluminum
Chlorides
2. Barium
14. Fluoride
3. Calcium
15. Nitrate as (N)
4. Magnesium
Sulphate
5. Iron
17. Silica
6. Manganese
pH
7. Chromium
TDS
8. Sodium
9. Zinc

13.

16.

18.
19.

 Hardness Softener.
TSS/Turbidity PSF/MGF
Organic Matters/Color/Odour/Taste/Smell/
Part of COD/BOD ACF
What about Hard Scales?

What about Feed Water Quality for High Pressure

Boilers?

Ultra Pure Quality of Water for Critical Pharma

Application, Food Industry,Power,Fertilizers etc

Demineralized Plant(DM Plant)

Two Bed DM Plant comprises of two mild steel rubber-lined /FRP

pressure vessels filled with strong acidic cation exchange resin and
strongly basic anion exchange resin.

They are available in a range of diameters. The modular construction

permits flexibility in the selection of cation and anion units to cater to
different types of raw water.

Degasser modules for the range Of CA units are also available.

These are useful for raw waters containing a significant amount of
alkalinity.

Treated water of conductivity less than 10 microsiemence/cm with ph

of 7.5 to 8.5 is achieved at Two Bed DM Plant outlet .

Manual & Auto DM Plant

Water Quality At DM Outlet

pH 6.5 7.2

Total Hardness Nil

P-Alkalinity Nil

Total Alkalinity 10 ppm Max

TDS 25 ppm Max

Silica 2 ppm Max

Mixed Bed Unit(MB Unit)

Mix Bed DM Plant comprise of one Mild steel rubber-lined/FRP

pressure vessels filled with strong acidic cations exchange resin and
strongly basic anion exchange resin in mixed form.

They are available in a range of diameters. Mix Bed DM Plant is

usually used as polishing unit at outlet of Two Bed DM Plant/RO
Plant.

The modular construction permits flexibility in the selection of cation

and anion units to cater to different types of raw water.

Treated water of conductivity less than 1 microsiemence/cm with ph

of 6.5 to 7.5 is achieved at Mix Bed DM Plant outlet.

Water Quality At MB Outlet

pH 6.5 7.5

Total Hardness Nil

P-Alkalinity Nil

Total Alkalinity Less than 5 ppm

TDS Less than 1 ppm

Silica Less than 0.02 ppm

Behavior of Water
Raw Water
Corrosion

Scales

Soft Water

No Scales/
Less Scales
No Scaling

D.M Water
Corrosive
MB Unit
Corrosive

No Scaling

No

Corrosive
Highly

Highly

Change is Constant.
Innovation is Key to Success.
Detoriating Quality of Water DM Plant not sufficient
What Next?
Why no to DM Plant?
Critical Operations.
Needs Skilled Operators.
Hazardious Chemicals handled.
High Recurring Cost.
Less Yield.
What is alternative to DM Plant?

 WHY NOT SEA WATER

Remember, 70 % of earth is covered with sea water.
Water is abundent.
Why not explore the possibility of using sea water for our all
needs
Is it possible?

YES ??????

Reverse Osmosis Plant

RO Plant
Desalination Plant

What is RO Plant

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology filtration method

that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions
by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a
selective membrane.

The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of

the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other
side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large
molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow
smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass
freely.

In the normal osmosis process, the solvent naturally moves from an

area of low solute concentration (High Water Potential), through a
membrane, to an area of high solute concentration (Low Water
Potential). The movement of a pure solvent to equalize solute
concentrations on each side of a membrane generates osmotic
pressure.

Applying an external pressure to reverse the natural flow of pure

solvent, thus, is reverse osmosis. The process is similar to other
membrane technology applications. However, there are key
differences between reverse osmosis and filtration.

The predominant removal mechanism in membrane filtration is

straining, or size exclusion, so the process can theoretically achieve
perfect exclusion of particles regardless of operational parameters
such as influent pressure and concentration.

Reverse osmosis, however, involves a diffusive mechanism so that

separation efficiency is dependent on solute concentration,
pressure, and water flux rate.

Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in

drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and
other substances from the water molecules.

Raw
water
inlet

Raw
wate
r
tank

Raw
water
Pump

PSF

ACF
Micron filter

Antiscalant
Dosing
System

Flow
meter
Conductivit
y meter

Permeate
storage
tank

Reject
water
MB

High
pressure
pump

RO membranes
1:1
2 element each

LPS

Reject
control
valve.

Flow
mete
r

Flow
meter

Advantages of RO Plant

Automatic Operation

No Skilled Operation

No Hazardous Chemical

Less Recurring Cost

Drinking water purification

Water and wastewater purification

Food industry

Disadvantages of RO Plant

High Reject Water.

Spares are imported/costly.

People are not that very user friendly.

WHO
Drinking Standards
TDS

500 mg/l

Cu
( copper)

Color

5 units
Zn (Zinc)
platinum
cobalt scale Ca
(calcium)

5.0 mg/l

Turbidity

5 units

50 mg/l

Taste

Unobjection So4
able
( sulfate)

200 mg/l

Odour

Unobjection Cl( chloride

able
)

200 mg/l

Fe (Iron )

0.3 mg/l

pH range

7 to 8.5

Mn
0.1 mg/l
( manganes
e)

Mg+ Na2
So4

500 mg/l

Mg
( magnesiu
m)

1.0 mg/l

75 mg/l

Drinking Water StandardsU.S Public Health Service

Turbidity

5 Units

Color

15 Units

Threshold odour
number

3 Units

Odour Number

Chemical
Alkyl benzene
sulfonate

0.5 mg/l

Arsenic

0.01 mg/l

Chloride

250.0 mg/l

Copper

1.0

Carbon
( chloroform
extract)

0.2 mg/l

Cynide

0.1 mg/l

Iron

0.3 mg/l

Nitrate

45.0

Phenols

0.001

Sulfate
Total Dissolve
Solids

250.0
500.0

Zinc

5.0

Barium

1.0

Cadmium

0.001

Cromium cr+6

0.005

Lead

0.005

Selemium

0.001

Silver

0.05

Fluoride

0.10

How RO Can Replace DM Plant?

PSF + ACF CATION+ANION
+ CATION + ANION +
MIXED BED

RO

PSF + ACF + RO + MIXED BED

ULTRAFILTRATION(UF)

Ultra filtration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic

pressure forces a liquid against a semi permeable membrane Suspended
solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained, while water and
low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane.

This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and
concentrating macromolecular (103 - 106 Da) solutions,
especially protein solutions.

Ultra filtration is not fundamentally different from microfiltration, Nano

filtration or gas separation, except in terms of the size of the molecules it
retains.

Ultra filtration is applied in cross-flow or dead-end mode and separation in

ultra filtration undergoes concentration polarization.

Ultra filtration systems eliminate the need for clarifiers and

multimedia filters for waste streams to meet critical discharge
criteria or to be further processed by wastewater recovery systems
for water recovery.

Efficient ultra filtration systems utilize membranes which can be

submerged, back-flushable, air scoured, spiral wound UF/MF
membrane that offers superior performance for the clarification of
wastewater and process water.

THIS IS ALL
ABOUT
PRETREATMENT.