CHEE 305:
Transport
Phenomena
Chapter 6: Pipe flow
William M. Chirdon, Ph.D.
Chapter 6 Homework:
7,8,10,17,35
Due 11/5/2015
Read Ch 6
Online resource:
http://www.syvum.com/eng/fluid/
Homework
Laminar if NRe < 2000
Turbulent if NRe > 4000
Unstable transition in
between
Exact limits can be debated
Click here for YouTube Video of Reynolds Expt
Reynolds Experiment
Represents the ratio of the inertial momentum in the axial
flow direction to the viscous momentum in the radial
direction
Reynolds Number
For a uniform pipe with incompressible fluid at steady-state:
Pipe energy balance
Note: sign change
w is stress on wall by fluid.
Pipe Momentum Balance
Pipe Loss Expressions
Volumetric flow rate can be calculated by integrating local
linear velocity over the radius:
Continuity
Rate of dissipation can be defined as
For simple shear:
Energy Dissipation
Derivations thus far have assumed:
-steady state
-fully developed
-in a cylindrical tube
No assumptions were made regarding fluid properties
Assumptions so far
Note parabolic behavior
Newtonian, Laminar Flow
So, for fully-developed, Newtonian, laminar Flow:
Newtonian, Laminar Flow
Fully-Developed Restriction
Newtonian, Turbulent Flow
4 regions of interest:
Laminar sub-layer
Buffer zone
Turbulent boundary layer
(turbulent but velocity depends on y or r)
Turbulent core
(turbulent, velocity independent of y or r)
Newtonian, Turbulent Flow
(Insert lengthy derivation of mixing length theory of
turbulent eddies here.)
Result:
Neglecting laminar sub-layer and buffer zones
Newtonian, Turbulent Flow
Or from empirical data:
Newtonian, Turbulent Flow
We also have the Blasius Equation:
For 5000 < NRe < 105
Newtonian, Turbulent Flow
Roughness of the wall affects the turbulence
Use empirical data to correlate f with NRe and relative
roughness ( /D )
Can use empirical equations or Moody Diagram
Newtonian, Turbulent Flow in Rough Pipes
Moody Diagram
/ D = Relative Roughness
Pipe Roughness Eqns
Turbulent Entry Length
Typical Roughness Values
Churchill: Combined Eqn
Power-Law, Laminar
Power-Law, Laminar
Power-Law, Turbulent
Bingham-Plastic, Laminar
Bingham-Plastic, Laminar
= Hedstrom Number
Bingham-Plastic, Laminar
Bingham-Plastic, Turbulent
Pipe problems can be formulated from Bernoulli's Equation
in terms of driving force (DF):
With dimensionless variables:
Common Pipe Problems
(Assumes Newtonian)
Unknown DF problem
For non-Newtonian:
Calculate Reynolds number from appropriate equation for
fluid model (different than Newtonian NRe) and other
dimensionless variables if needed such as Nhe
Determine f from relevant equation (check conditions)
Calculate energy loss from f
Calculate DF
Calculate pump head from DF if desired
Unknown DF problem
For Laminar:
Check to see if laminar (NRe < 2000)
after calculating Q and V
For Turbulent:
Need Reynolds # and f, both require Q
Unknown Flow Rate -Newtonian
Unknown Flow Rate -Newtonian
Alternatively, you could substitute the Reynolds number
equation into an f equation, convert to energy loss, then
substitute into Eqn 6-67, then solve for V
Or equations may be solved simultaneously using software
Unknown Flow Rate
-Newtonian
Iterative process similar to Newtonian case.
See text
Unknown Flow Rate
non-Newtonian
Common Design Problem:
Unknown DiameterNewtonian
Common Design Problem:
Unknown DiameterNewtonian
Common Design Problem:
Unknown DiameterNewtonian
Introducing polymer additives to turbulent flow was found to
reduce friction losses for the same flow rate
Toms effect (Turbulent drag reduction)
Reduce pump energy by up to 85% with 100 ppm polymer
Results in non-Newtonian properties
Exact mechanism is debatable
Turbulent Drag Reduction
fp of the polymer solution can be defined by the fs of the solvent
and the Deborah number (NDe)
NDe can be found from Carreau Model Parameter:
Turbulent Drag Reduction
fp of the polymer solution can be defined by the fs of the solvent
and the Deborah number (NDe)
NDe can more easily be found from:
Turbulent Drag Reduction
k1 and k2 can be found
on Table 6-2:
Turbulent Drag Reduction
k1 and k2 can be found by applying the following
equation to two experimental data points:
Turbulent Drag Reduction
Drag reduction scales directly with the reduction in f
Turbulent Drag Reduction
