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    Fluid Mechanic, Cengel - Chapter 01

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    Zandrik Arismendi
    This document provides an overview and introduction to key concepts in fluid mechanics that will be covered in the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) at Penn State University during the spring 2005 semester. It was originally prepared by the instructor, Eric G. Paterson, as teaching slides to accompany lectures. The course had two sections and utilized a combination of lectures presented via slides and traditional blackboard methods. Key concepts introduced include definitions of fluids, classifications of flows, and dimensional analysis principles.

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    Fluid Mechanic, Cengel - Chapter 01

    Uploaded by

    Zandrik Arismendi
    601 views17 pages
    This document provides an overview and introduction to key concepts in fluid mechanics that will be covered in the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) at Penn State University during the spring 2005 semester. It was originally prepared by the instructor, Eric G. Paterson, as teaching slides to accompany lectures. The course had two sections and utilized a combination of lectures presented via slides and traditional blackboard methods. Key concepts introduced include definitions of fluids, classifications of flows, and dimensional analysis principles.

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    Fluid Mechanic, Cengel

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    This document provides an overview and introduction to key concepts in fluid mechanics that will be covered in the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) at Penn State University during the spring 2005 semester. It was originally prepared by the instructor, Eric G. Paterson, as teaching slides to accompany lectures. The course had two sections and utilized a combination of lectures presented via slides and traditional blackboard methods. Key concepts introduced include definitions of fluids, classifications of flows, and dimensional analysis principles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    601 views17 pages

    Fluid Mechanic, Cengel - Chapter 01

    Uploaded by

    Zandrik Arismendi
    This document provides an overview and introduction to key concepts in fluid mechanics that will be covered in the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) at Penn State University during the spring 2005 semester. It was originally prepared by the instructor, Eric G. Paterson, as teaching slides to accompany lectures. The course had two sections and utilized a combination of lectures presented via slides and traditional blackboard methods. Key concepts introduced include definitions of fluids, classifications of flows, and dimensional analysis principles.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 17
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the definitions and distinctions between solids, liquids, and gases as fluids, as well as concepts like stress, pressure, viscosity, and the no-slip condition.

    Steady flow implies no change at a point with time, while unsteady flow describes a starting or developing flow that may appear steady if time-averaged.

    The dimensionality of flows impacts the complexity of analytical and computational solutions, with lower dimensions reducing complexity, and changes of coordinate systems sometimes facilitating lower dimensionality.

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Eric G. Paterson
    Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
    The Pennsylvania State University

    Spring 2005

    Note to Instructors
    These slides were developed1 during the spring semester 2005, as a teaching aid for the
    undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of Mechanical
    and Nuclear Engineering at Penn State University. This course had two sections, one taught
    by myself and one taught by Prof. John Cimbala. While we gave common homework and
    exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This was also the first semester that
    Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was used at PSU. My section had 93
    students and was held in a classroom with a computer, projector, and blackboard. While
    slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
    Applications, I used a combination of blackboard and electronic presentation. In the student
    evaluations of my course, there were both positive and negative comments on the use of
    electronic presentation. Therefore, these slides should only be integrated into your lectures
    with careful consideration of your teaching style and course objectives.
    Eric Paterson
    Penn State, University Park
    August 2005

    These slides were originally prepared using the LaTeX typesetting system (http://www.tug.org/)
    and the beamer class (http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/), but were translated to PowerPoint for
    wider dissemination by McGraw-Hill.
    1

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    What is a fluid?
    A fluid is a substance in the gaseous or liquid
    form
    Distinction between solid and fluid?
    Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming.
    Stress is proportional to strain
    Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear.
    Stress is proportional to strain rate
    Solid

    Fluid

    F

    A

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    F
    V

    A
    h

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    What is a fluid?
    Stress is defined as the
    force per unit area.
    Normal component:
    normal stress
    In a fluid at rest, the
    normal stress is called
    pressure

    Tangential component:
    shear stress

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    What is a fluid?
    A liquid takes the shape of
    the container it is in and
    forms a free surface in the
    presence of gravity
    A gas expands until it
    encounters the walls of the
    container and fills the entire
    available space. Gases
    cannot form a free surface
    Gas and vapor are often
    used as synonymous
    words
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    What is a fluid?

    solid

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    liquid

    gas

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    No-slip condition
    No-slip condition: A fluid in
    direct contact with a solid
    ``sticks' to the surface due to
    viscous effects
    Responsible for generation of
    wall shear stress w, surface
    drag D= w dA, and the
    development of the boundary
    layer
    The fluid property responsible
    for the no-slip condition is
    viscosity
    Important boundary condition
    in formulating initial boundary
    value problem (IBVP) for
    analytical and computational
    fluid dynamics analysis

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Classification of Flows
    We classify flows as a tool in making simplifying
    assumptions to the governing partial-differential
    equations, which are known as the NavierStokes equations
    Conservation of Mass

    Conservation of Momentum

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Viscous vs. Inviscid Regions of Flow


    Regions where frictional
    effects are significant are
    called viscous regions.
    They are usually close to
    solid surfaces.
    Regions where frictional
    forces are small
    compared to inertial or
    pressure forces are called
    inviscid

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Internal vs. External Flow


    Internal flows are
    dominated by the
    influence of viscosity
    throughout the
    flowfield
    For external flows,
    viscous effects are
    limited to the
    boundary layer and
    wake.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    10

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow


    A flow is classified as
    incompressible if the density
    remains nearly constant.
    Liquid flows are typically
    incompressible.
    Gas flows are often
    compressible, especially for
    high speeds.
    Mach number, Ma = V/c is a
    good indicator of whether or
    not compressibility effects are
    important.
    Ma < 0.3 : Incompressible
    Ma < 1 : Subsonic
    Ma = 1 : Sonic
    Ma > 1 : Supersonic
    Ma >> 1 : Hypersonic
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    11

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow


    Laminar: highly ordered
    fluid motion with smooth
    streamlines.
    Turbulent: highly
    disordered fluid motion
    characterized by velocity
    fluctuations and eddies.
    Transitional: a flow that
    contains both laminar and
    turbulent regions
    Reynolds number, Re=
    UL/ is the key
    parameter in determining
    whether or not a flow is
    laminar or turbulent.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    12

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Steady vs. Unsteady Flow


    Steady implies no change at
    a point with time. Transient
    terms in N-S equations are
    zero
    Unsteady is the opposite of
    steady.
    Transient usually describes a
    starting, or developing flow.
    Periodic refers to a flow which
    oscillates about a mean.

    Unsteady flows may appear


    steady if time-averaged
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    13

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows


    N-S equations are 3D vector equations.
    Velocity vector, U(x,y,z,t)= [Ux(x,y,z,t),Uy(x,y,z,t),Uz(x,y,z,t)]
    Lower dimensional flows reduce complexity of analytical and
    computational solution
    Change in coordinate system (cylindrical, spherical, etc.) may
    facilitate reduction in order.
    Example: for fully-developed pipe flow, velocity V(r) is a function of
    radius r and pressure p(z) is a function of distance z along the pipe.

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    14

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    System and Control Volume


    A system is defined as a
    quantity of matter or a
    region in space chosen
    for study.
    A closed system consists
    of a fixed amount of
    mass.
    An open system, or
    control volume, is a
    properly selected region
    in space.
    We'll discuss control
    volumes in more detail in
    Chapter 6.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    15

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Dimensions and Units


    Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
    The magnitudes assigned to dimensions are called units.
    Primary dimensions include: mass m, length L, time t, and
    temperature T.
    Secondary dimensions can be expressed in terms of
    primary dimensions and include: velocity V, energy E, and
    volume V.
    Unit systems include English system and the metric SI
    (International System). We'll use both.
    Dimensional homogeneity is a valuable tool in checking
    for errors. Make sure every term in an equation has the
    same units.
    Unity conversion ratios are helpful in converting units.
    Use them.
    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    16

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

    Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Digits


    Engineers must be aware of three principals that govern the proper use
    of numbers.
    1. Accuracy error : Value of one reading minus the true value.
    Closeness of the average reading to the true value. Generally
    associated with repeatable, fixed errors.
    2. Precision error : Value of one reading minus the average of
    readings. Is a measure of the fineness of resolution and
    repeatability of the instrument. Generally associated with random
    errors.
    3. Significant digits : Digits that are relevant and meaningful. When
    performing calculations, the final result is only as precise as the
    least precise parameter in the problem. When the number of
    significant digits is unknown, the accepted standard is 3. Use 3 in
    all homework and exams.

    ME33 : Fluid Flow

    17

    Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

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