Seminar

Welcom
e
1
Construction features and

management of bridges
Guided by,
Submitted by,
ANUSHA.A
Jisha
.s
Dept. of Civil
Engineering
Roll No : 13
S7 CIVIL
INTRODUCTION
The first bridge were made by nature as simple as a log
fallen across a stream .
And eventually stones, using a simple support and cross
beam arrangement
Most of these early bridges could not support heavy
weights or withstand strong currents. this led to the
development of better bridges
Bridges were classified according to the moment, shear,
compression, tension
BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
OVERVIEW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Site selection for the bridge.

Type of bridge.
Proposal for preparation drawing.
Soil strata in the form of bore log.
Model study detail.
Salient features of the bridge.
Up to date approved structural drawings.
SITE SELECTION
Factors to be considered:1.Location of bridge site.
2.Transportation distance.
3.Nature of crossing and affordability.
4.Availability of local materials.
5.Traffic volume.
6.Availability of local bridge builders.
7.Temporary crossing.
8.Space for foundation
9.Slope profile
TYPES OF BRIDGES
1.Structure type .
2.Fixed or movable bridges.
3.Double decked bridges.
4.Viaducts.
5.Three-way bridges.
6.Bridge type by use.
7.Bridge type by material.
6
1.STRUCTURE TYPE
BRIDGES
1.1.Beam bridge.
1.Beam bridge are horizontal beams supported at

each end by substructure units and can be either
simply supported when the beam only connect across
a single span or continuous when the beam are
connected across two or more spans.
2.When there are multiple spans, the intermediate
supports are known as piers.
3.Beam bridge spans rarely exceeds 76m long.
4.Substructures are made up of steel, concrete or
1.2.TRUSS BRIDGE
1.A truss bridge is a bridge whose loadbearing superstructure is composed of a

truss.
2.This truss is a structure of connected
elements forming triangular units.
3.The connected elements(typically
straight) may be stressed from
tension,compression,or sometimes both 8
in response to dynamic loads.
1.3.CANTILEVER BRIDGE
1.The cantilever bridges are built using

cantilevers-horizontal beams supported on
only one end.
2.Most cantilever bridges use a pair of
continuous spans that extended from
opposite sides of the supporting piers to
meet at the center of the obstacle the 9
bridge crosses.
1.4.ARCH BRIDGE
Arch bridges have abutments at each

end.The weight of the bridge is thrust into
the abutments at either side.
10
1.5.TIED ARCH BRIDGE
1.Tied arch bridges have an arch-shaped

superstructure, but differ from
conventional arch bridges.
2. Instead of transferring the weight of
the bridge and traffic loads into thrust
forces into the abutments, the ends of the
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arches are restrained by tension in the
bottom chord of the structure. They are
1.6.SUSPENSION BRIDGES
Suspension bridges are suspended from

cables. The earliest suspension bridges
were made of ropes or vines covered
with pieces of bamboo. In modern
bridges, the cables hang from towers
that are attached to caissons or
12
cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams
are implanted deep into the floor of a
1.7.CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE
Cable-stayed bridges ,like suspension

bridges ,are held up by cables.However,in
a cable stayed bridge , less cable is
required and the towers holding the
cables are proportionately higher.
13
2.FIXED OR MOVABLE
BRIDGES
1.Most of the bridges are fixed bridges, meaning they

have no moving parts and stay in one place until they
failed or are demolished.
2.Temporary bridges are designed to be assembled ,and
taken apart, transported to a different site, and re-used.
3.Temporary bridges are used in military engineering,
and are also used to carry traffic while an old bridge is
being rebuilt.
4.Movable bridges are designed to move out of the way14
of boats or other kinds of traffic.
3.DOUBLE-DECKED BRIDGES
1.It is used for decreasing the traffic
congestion.
2.Some double-decked bridges are used only
for street traffic.
4.VIADUCTS
A viaduct is made up of multiple
bridges connected into one longer
structure.
15
5.THREE-WAY BRIDGES
A three-way bridges has three separate spans which
meet near the center of the bridge. The bridge
appears as a T or Y when viewed from above.
Three-way bridges are extremely rare.
6.BRIDGE TYPES BY USE

1.A bridge can be categorized by what it is designed to carry, such
as trains, pedestrians or road traffic, a pipeline or water way for
water transport.
2.An aqueduct is abridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct,
which is abridge that connects points of equal height.
3.A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic.
16
7.BRIDGE TYPES BY
MATERIAL
1. The materials used to build the structure

are also used to categorize bridges.
2. In earlier ,bridges were made out of
timber ,stone and masonry.
3. Modern bridges are currently built in
concrete ,steel, fiber reinforced
17
polymers(FRP), stainless steel or combinations
of those materials.
COMPONENT OF BRIDGES
1 Foundation:The foundation are different type:raft foundation,
well foundation, open foundation and pile foundation.
2 Substructure:The substructure is the portion of the bridge
structure such as pier and abutments above the
foundation unit and supporting the superstructure.
3 Superstructure:Superstructure is the portion of bridge
structure above the substructure level like beam,
hand rail, foot path etc.
18
BRIDGE FOUNDATION AND

SUBSTRUCTURE
1.Problems encountered during construction of

foundation depend upon type of foundation,soil
strara encountered,equipment deployed and
logistic problems.
2.Foundation can be opened foundation,pile
foundation,well foundation or any other types of
foundation.
TYPE AND DEPTH OF FOUNDATIONS
The selection of the type of
foundation is usually based on the soil
condition, cross section details of the channel
types of founding strata underlying the bed,
design scour depth as determined from the
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SUPERSTRUCTURE
1.For particular site there are numerous structural
arrangements are possible.
2.Final proposal be made on the greater examination of the
site condition may be technical, aesthetic and construction
methodology.
3.Special care need to be taken in case of deep gorge where
there is sizable difference between soffit level and bed level.
21
Types of superstructures and its

span length
Sl. No
Type of superstructure
Span length
RCC single or multiple boxes
1.5 to 15m
Simply supported RCC slabs
3 to 10m
Simply supported RCC T Beam
10 to 25m
Simply supported PSC girder

bridges
25 to 45m
Simply supported RCC voided slabs
10 to 15m
Continuous RCC voided slabs
10 to 20m
Continuous PSC voided slabs
15 to 30m
RCC box sections, simply

supported/balanced cantilever
continuous
25 to 50m
PSC box sections simply supported

balanced cantilever
35 to 75m
10
PSC cantilever
constructions/continuous
75 to 150m
11
Cable stayed bridge
200 to 500m
22
MANAGEMENT OF
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
1.Plant Management
2.Material Management
3.Finance Management
4.Quality Management
5.Safety Management
6.Documentation Management
7.Personnel Management
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1.PLANT MANAGEMENT
.
1.Time available for work execution.
2.Details of equipment and also minimum
requirement as per job position.
3.Rated capacity of equipment/plant.
4.Assessed capacity.
5.Schedule of maintanence.
6.Inventory of spare parts required.
7.Repair cover to equipment/plant.
24
2.MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
1.Material management is a parallel activity
along with start of the project.
2.Selection and purchasing of various items
such as
aggregates,sand,cement,steel,structural
steel, shuttering consumables, electrical
fittings.
3.Forecasting the quantities and recording
the costs of various items.
25
3.FINANCE MANAGEMENT
It includes budget fixation on monthly basis, on the basis of
work done or minimum to be fed at site, on the decision of
management authorities.
4.QUALITY MANAGEMENT
1.Training to staff should be provided to update the quality
control measures.
2.At site laboratory be established to check the quality of
concrete.
3.Tests be analysed at site based on the size of job.
4.Mix design should be prepared based on the latest code
and to produce the concrete of desirable strength.
5.Compaction of concrete be given more attention before
final setting.
6.Quality assurance on ground improve the aesthetic of
26
structures.
5.SAFETY MANAGEMENT
1.All the workers be given briefing about the safety
requirements based on the site hazards.
2.Specially when the simply supported structure is
attempted on deep gorges.
3.In case of foundation if the deep excavation is
involved.
4.In case of pneumatic sinking is being used for well
foundation,following safety measures are considered:
.accelerate circulation of air
.slow decompression
.duplicate and spare equipment
.illumination inside working chamber
.signalling arrangements
.caution about incidental loading
5.In case of staging/shuttering for superstructure.
27
28
6.DOCUMENTATION
MANAGEMENT
1.Document management during the
construction is an art in itself.
2.Proper and systematic management of
documents is requirement for department as
well as contractor.
3.Documentation that every project manager
must have at their disposal are as under:
.Proposal and Estimates.
.Project schedule.
.Project change orders.
28
7.PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
1.Manager should put the engineers,to activities

they can perform better.
2.Decision making circulated, critical activities be
cleared by manager after proper deliberations.
3.Manager should be a good Psychologist to assign
the work based on the inclination of the people at
2
9
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
1.Deforestation
2.Disturbance of geological strata
3.Hill face disturbance
4.Drainage pattern interruption
5.Water resource disturbance
6.Siltation problem
7.Destruction to flora and fauna
8.Pollution
9.Destruction of medicinal wealth
30
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
1.Environment impact assessment
2.Geological investigation
3.State of wild
4.Avoidance of unstable zones
5.Least disturbance to natural streams and gradients
6.Restriction on reserve forests
7.Judicial way of doing works
8.Minimum blasting operations
9.Half tunneling must be restored
10.Ropeway technique
11.Suitable drainage system
12.Restoration of natural springs and waterways
13.Rebuilding of environment
31
CONCLUSION
With the changing scenariothere is urgent need
to manage the bridge project effectively.
Construction management basically is a tool to
complete the project effectively within fixed
amount but in less time. Manager should have
knowledge sequence of all the activities. Decision
making for both sides the contractor and the client
needs to be fast and time bound otherwise the
project will get delayed which will have cost over
run. Control in form of reviewing monitoring has a
catalyst effect to boost the progress.
32
REFERENCES
1. Abdullah C.H., Mohamad A., Yusof M.A.M., Gue
S.S. & Mahmud M. (2007), Development of Slope
Management in Malaysia
2. 2. Campbell, S.D.G., Shaw, R., Chao, P.A. and
Dias, A. (2005). The use of soil bioengineering
measures to repair selected natural terrain
landslides in Hong Kong, The Hong Kong
Institution of Engineers Geotechnical Division
3. Gue, S. S. & Tan, Y. C. (2004), "Guidelines for
Development on Hill-Site", Tropical Residual Soils
Engineering (TRSE), 6th 7th July 2004.Annual
Seminar on Safe and Greep Slopes.
33
THANK YOU
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Welcom

Construction features and

Site selection for the bridge.

1.Beam bridge are horizontal beams supported at

1.A truss bridge is a bridge whose loadbearing superstructure is composed of a

1.The cantilever bridges are built using

Arch bridges have abutments at each

1.5.TIED ARCH BRIDGE

1.Tied arch bridges have an arch-shaped

Suspension bridges are suspended from

Cable-stayed bridges ,like suspension

1.Most of the bridges are fixed bridges, meaning they

6.BRIDGE TYPES BY USE

1. The materials used to build the structure

BRIDGE FOUNDATION AND

1.Problems encountered during construction of

Types of superstructures and its

RCC single or multiple boxes

Simply supported RCC slabs

Simply supported RCC T Beam

Simply supported PSC girder

Simply supported RCC voided slabs

Continuous RCC voided slabs

Continuous PSC voided slabs

RCC box sections, simply

PSC box sections simply supported

Cable stayed bridge

1.Manager should put the engineers,to activities

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