Chapter 3

Stoichiometry

3-1

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole
3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound
3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.4 Calculating the Amounts of Reactant and Product
3.5 Fundamentals of Solution Stoichiometry

3-2

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

The Mole
mole - the amount of a substance that contains
the same number of entities as there are
atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12, i.e. the
numerical value of the atoms mass in grams
This amount is 6.022x1023. The number is
called Avogadros number and is abbrieviated
as N.
One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities
(to four significant figures)

3-3

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Table 3.1 Summary of Mass Terminology

Term

Definition

Unit

Isotopic mass

Mass of an isotope of an element

amu

Atomic mass

Average of the masses of the naturally

occurring isotopes of an element
weighted according to their abundance

amu

Sum of the atomic masses of the atoms

(or ions) in a molecule (or formula unit)

amu

(also called
atomic weight)
Molecular
(or formula) mass

(also called molecular weight)

Molar mass (M)

Mass of 1 mole of chemical entities

(atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)

(also called
gram-molecular weight)

3-4

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

g/mol

Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of Glucose

C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol)
Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

Atoms/molecule
of compound

6 atoms

12 atoms

6 atoms

Moles of atoms/
mole of compound

6 moles
of atoms

12 moles
of atoms

6 moles
of atoms

6(6.022 x 1023)
atoms

12(6.022 x 1023)
atoms

6(6.022 x 1023)
atoms

Mass/molecule
of compound

6(12.01 amu)
=72.06 amu

12(1.008 amu)
=12.10 amu

6(16.00 amu)
=96.00 amu

Mass/mole of
compound

72.06 g

12.10 g

Atoms/mole of
compound

96.00 g

So for glucose with 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen

atom, the molar mass is 72.06 + 12.10 + 96.00 =
180.16 g/mol

3-5

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Interconverting Moles, Mass, and Number of Chemical Entities

3-6

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.1

PROBLEM:

Calculating the Mass and the Number of Atoms

in a Given Number of Moles of an Element

(a) Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no longer in U.S.
coins. How many grams of Ag are in 0.0342mol of Ag?
(b) Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important
metal in industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8g of Fe?

PLAN:

(a) To convert mol of Ag to g we have to use

the #g Ag/mol Ag, the molar mass M.

SOLUTION: 0.0342mol Ag x 107.9g Ag = 3.69g Ag

mol Ag
PLAN: (b) To convert g of Fe to atoms we first have
to find the #mols of Fe and then convert
mols to atoms.
SOLUTION: 95.8g Fe x mol Fe
= 1.72mol Fe
55.85g Fe
6.022x1023atoms Fe = 1.04x1024 atoms
1.72mol Fe x
Fe
mol Fe

3-7

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

amount(mol) of Ag
multiply by M of Ag
(107.9g/mol)
mass(g) of Ag
mass(g) of Fe
divide by M of Fe
(55.85g/mol)
amount(mol) of Fe
multiply by 6.022x1023
atoms/mol
atoms of Fe

Sample Problem 3.2

Calculating the Moles and Number of Formula Units

in a Given Mass of a Compound

PROBLEM: Ammonium carbonate is white solid that decomposes with

warming. Among its many uses, it is a component of baking
powder, first extinguishers, and smelling salts. How many
formula units are in 41.6g of ammonium carbonate?
PLAN: After writing the formula for the
compound, we find its M by adding the
masses of the elements. Convert the given
mass, 41.6g to mols using M and then the
mols to formula units with Avogadros
number.
SOLUTION:

The formula is (NH4)2CO3.

mass(g) of (NH4)2CO3
divide by M
amount(mol) of (NH4)2CO3
multiply by 6.022x1023
formula units/mol
number of (NH4)2CO3 formula units

M = (2 x 14.01g/mol N)+(8 x 1.008g/mol H)

+(12.01g/mol C)+(3 x 16.00g/mol O)= 96.09g/mol
41.6g (NH4)2CO3 x

3-8

mol (NH4)2CO3
96.09g (NH4)2CO3

6.022x1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3

mol (NH4)2CO3

2.61x1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Mass % of element X =
atoms of X in formula x atomic mass of X (amu)

x 100

molecular (or formula) mass of compound(amu)

Mass % of element X =
moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (g)
molecular (or formula) mass of compound (g)

3-9

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

x 100

So for glucose with 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6

oxygen atom, the molar mass is 72.06 + 12.10 + 96.00 =
180.16 g/mol
So to calculate the mass percent of carbon in glucose, we
just use the mass of carbon in one mole of glucose over the
mass of one mole of glucose to get the mass fraction and
then multiply by 100.
Mass % C = (76.06g/mol / 180.16 g/mol) x 100 = 40.00 %
3-10

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Empirical Formula The simplest formula for a compound that agrees with
the elemental analysis and gives rise to the smallest set
of whole numbers of atoms.
Molecular Formula The formula of the compound as it exists, it may be a
multiple of the empirical formula.

3-11

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.4

Determining the Empirical Formula from Masses

of Elements

PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound gave the

following results: 2.82g of Na, 4.35g of Cl, and 7.83g of O. What
are the empirical formula and name of the compound?
PLAN:

Once we find the relative number of moles of each element,

we can divide by the lowest mol amount to find the relative
mol ratios (empirical formula).
SOLUTION: 2.82g Na mol Na
= 0.123 mol Na
22.99g Na
mass(g) of each element
mol Cl
divide by M(g/mol)
4.35g Cl
= 0.123 mol Cl
35.45g Cl
amount(mol) of each element
mol O
7.83g O
= 0.489 mol O
use # of moles as subscripts
16.00 O
preliminary formula
Na1 Cl1 O3.98
NaClO4
change to integer subscripts
empirical formula

3-12

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

NaClO4 is sodium perchlorate.

Sample Problem 3.5

Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental

Analysis and Molar Mass

PROBLEM: During physical activity. lactic acid (M=90.08g/mol) forms in

muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental
anaylsis shows that it contains 40.0 mass% C, 6.71 mass% H,
and 53.3 mass% O.
(a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid.
(b) Determine the molecular formula.
PLAN:

assume 100g lactic acid and find the

mass of each element
divide each mass by mol mass(M)
amount(mol) of each element
use #mols as subscripts
preliminary formula
convert to integer subscripts
empirical formula

3-13

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

molecular formula
divide mol mass by
mass of empirical
formula to get a
multiplier

Sample Problem 3.5

Determining a Molecular Formula from Elemental

Analysis and Molar Mass

continued
SOLUTION:

Assuming there are 100.g of lactic acid, the constituents are

40.0g C mol C

6.71g H

12.01g C

3.33

H6.66

O3.33

3.33 3.33

mass of CH2O

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

CH2O
90.08g
30.03g

mol O
16.00g O

6.66mol H

molar mass of lactate

3-14

53.3g O

1.008g H

3.33mol C
C3.33

mol H

3.33mol O

empirical formula

C3H6O3 is the
molecular formula

Combustion Analysis
Determining Composition by Looking at amounts
of Products of Combustion
Combustion Train for the Determination of the
Chemical Composition of Organic Compounds.

m
m
CnHm + (n+ ) O2 = n CO2(g) +
H O(g)
4
2 2

3-15

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.6

PROBLEM:

PLAN:

Determining a Molecular Formula from Combustion

Analysis

Vitamin C (M=176.12g/mol) is a compound of C,H, and O

found in many natural sources especially citrus fruits. When a
1.000-g sample of vitamin C is placed in a combustion chamber
and burned, the following data are obtained:
mass of CO2 absorber after combustion

=85.35g

mass of CO2 absorber before combustion

=83.85g

mass of H2O absorber after combustion

=37.96g

mass of H2O absorber before combustion

=37.55g

What is the molecular formula of vitamin C?

difference (after-before) = mass of oxidized element

find the mass of each element in its combustion product

find the mols

3-16

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

preliminary
formula

empirical
formula

molecular
formula

Sample Problem 3.6

continued

Determining a Molecular Formula from Combustion

Analysis

SOLUTION:
CO2

85.35g-83.85g = 1.50g

There are 12.01g C per mol CO2 .

There are 2.016g H per mol H2O .

O must be the difference:
0.409g C
12.01g C
C1H1.3O1

= 0.0341mol C
C3H4O3

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

12.01g C

1.50g CO2

0.41g H2O

= 0.409g C

44.01g CO2
2.016g H

= 0.046g H

18.02g H2O

1.000g - (0.409 + 0.049) = 0.545

0.046g H
1.008g H

= 0.0461mol H

176.12g/mol
88.06g

3-17

37.96g-37.55g = 0.41g

H2O

0.545g O
16.00g O

= 2.000

= 0.0341mol O

C6H8O6

Writing and Balancing Chemical

Equations
A chemical equation shows reactants going to
products.
In addition, it must be balanced....meaning the
same number of each kind of atom must appear on
both sides of the equation.
Example: hydrogen and fluorine to give hydrogen fluoride
3-18

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.7

PROBLEM:

PLAN:

Balancing Chemical Equations

Within the cylinders of a cars engine, the hydrocarbon octane

(C8H18), one of many components of gasoline, mixes with oxygen
from the air and burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
SOLUTION:

translate the statement

balance the atoms

C8H18 +

O2

CO2 +

H 2O

C8H18 + 25/2O2

8 CO2 + 9 H2O

adjust the coefficients

2C8H18 + 25O2

16CO2 + 18H2O

check the atom balance

2C8H18 + 25O2

16CO2 + 18H2O

specify states of matter

2C8H18(l) + 25O2 (g)

16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)

The mole ratios are the same as the molecular coefficients in the
balanced reaction.

3-19

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Calculation Amounts of Reactants and

Products in a Chemical Reaction

3-20

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.8

PROBLEM:

Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products

In a lifetime, the average American uses 1750lb(794g) of copper

in coins, plumbing, and wiring. Copper is obtained from sulfide
ores, such as chalcocite, or copper(I) sulfide, by a multistage
process. After an initial grinding step, the first stage is to roast
the ore (heat it strongly with oxygen gas) to form powdered
copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0mol of
copper(I) sulfide?
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0mol
of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86Kg
of copper(I) oxide?

PLAN:

write and balance equation

find mols O2

find mols SO2

find g SO2

3-21

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

find mols Cu2O

find mols O2

find kg O2

Sample Problem 3.8

Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products

continued
SOLUTION:

2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g)
3mol O2

(a) 10.0mol Cu2S

2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

= 15.0mol O2

2mol Cu2S
(b) 10.0mol Cu2S

(c) 2.86kg Cu2O

2mol SO2

64.07g SO2

2mol Cu2S

mol SO2

103g Cu2O

mol Cu2O

kg Cu2O 143.10g Cu2O

20.0mol Cu2O

3mol O2
2mol Cu2O

3-22

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

32.00g O2
mol O2

= 641g SO2

= 20.0mol Cu2O
kg O2
3

10 g O2

= 0.960kg O2

Sample Problem 3.9

PROBLEM:

Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products in

a Reaction Sequence

Roasting is the first step in extracting copper from chalcocite,

the ore used in the previous problem. In the next step, copper(I)
oxide reacts with powdered carbon to yield copper metal and
carbon monoxide gas. Write a balanced overall equation for the
two-step process.

PLAN:

SOLUTION:

write balanced equations for each step

cancel reactants and products common

to both sides of the equations

sum the equations

3-23

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g)
Cu2O(s) + C(s)

2Cu(s) + CO(g)

2Cu2O(s) + 2C(s)

2Cu2S(s)+3O2(g)+2C(s)

2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

4Cu(s) + 2CO(g)

4Cu(s)+2SO2(g)+2CO(g)

Sample Problem 3.10 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in

Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
PROBLEM:

A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of

two liquids, hydrazine(N2H4) and dinitrogen tetraoxide(N2O4),
which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor.
How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00x102g of N2H4
and 2.00x102g of N2O4 are mixed?

PLAN: We always start with a balanced chemical equation and find the number
of mols of reactants and products which have been given.
In this case one of the reactants is in molar excess and the other will
limit the extent of the reaction.
mass of N2H4

mass of N2O4
divide by M

mol of N2H4

multiply by M
mol of N2O4

molar ratio
mol of N2

3-24

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

limiting mol N2

mol of N2

g N2

Sample Problem 3.10 Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in

Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
continued
SOLUTION:
1.00x102g N2H4

2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l)
mol N2H4
32.05g N2H4

3.12mol N2H4

2.00x10 g N2O4

2.17mol N2O4

3-25

3 mol N2

92.02g N2O4

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

N2H4 is the limiting reactant

because it produces less
product, N2, than does N2O4.

4.68mol N2

mol N2O4

mol N2O4

= 3.12mol N2H4

= 4.68mol N2

2mol N2H4

3 mol N2

3 N2(g) + 4H2O(l)

= 2.17mol N2O4

= 6.51mol N2

28.02g N2
mol N2

= 131g N2

Stoichiometry of Solutions
Concentration in Terms of Molarity
A solution consists of a smaller amount of a
substance, the solute, dissolved in a larger
amount of another substance, the solvent.
The concentration of the solution is expressed as
the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount
of solution.
The term most commonly used is Molarity (M),
defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.
3-26

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.12 Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

PROBLEM:

PLAN:

Hydrobromic acid(HBr) is a solution of hydrogen bromide gas in

water. Calculate the molarity of hydrobromic acid solution if
455mL contains 1.80mol of hydrogen bromide.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

mol of HBr
divide by volume
concentration(mol/mL) HBr
103mL = 1L
molarity(mol/L) HBr

3-27

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

SOLUTION: 1.80mol HBr 1000mL

455 mL soln

1L

= 3.96M

Sample Problem 3.13 Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given Volume of

Solution
PROBLEM:

PLAN:

volume of soln

How many grams of solute are in 1.75L of 0.460M sodium

monohydrogen phosphate?
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Knowing the molarity and volume leaves us to find the # moles
and then the # of grams of solute. The formula for the solute is
Na2HPO4.

multiply by M
moles of solute
multiply by M
grams of solute

SOLUTION:
1.75L 0.460moles
1L

= 0.805mol Na2HPO4

0.805mol Na2HPO4 141.96g Na2HPO4

mol Na2HPO4
= 114g Na2HPO4

3-28

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.14 Preparing a Dilute Solution from a Concentrated

Solution
PROBLEM:

Isotonic saline is a 0.15M aqueous solution of NaCl that

simulates the total concentration of ions found in many cellular
fluids. Its uses range from a cleaning rinse for contact lenses to
a washing medium for red blood cells. How would you prepare
0.80L of isotonic saline from a 6.0M stock solution?

PLAN:

It is important to realize the number of moles of solute does not

change during the dilution but the volume does. The new
volume will be the sum of the two volumes, that is, the total final
volume.
MdilxVdil = #mol solute = MconcxVconc
volume of dilute soln
SOLUTION:
multiply by M of dilute solution
moles of NaCl in dilute soln = mol NaCl
in concentrated soln
divide by M of concentrated soln
L of concentrated soln

3-29

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

0.80L soln 0.15mol NaCl = 0.12mol NaCl

L soln
L solnconc
0.12mol NaCl
= 0.020L soln
6mol

Sample Problem 3.15 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for

a Reaction in Solution
PROBLEM:

PLAN:

Specialized cells in the stomach release HCl to aid digestion. If

they release too much, the excess can be neutralized with
antacids. A common antacid contains magnesium hydroxide,
which reacts with the acid to form water and magnesium
chloride solution. As a government chemist testing commercial
antacids, you use 0.10M HCl to simulate the acid concentration
in the stomach. How many liters of stomach acid react with a
tablet containing 0.10g of magnesium hydroxide?

Write a balanced equation for the reaction; find the grams of

Mg(OH)2; determine the mol ratio of reactants and products;
use mols to convert to molarity.
L HCl

mass Mg(OH)2
divide by M

mol HCl

mol Mg(OH)2
mol ratio

3-30

divide by M

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.15 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products for

a Reaction in Solution
continued

SOLUTION:

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq)

0.10g Mg(OH)2

-3

mol Mg(OH)2

3.4x10-3 mol HCl

3-31

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

= 1.7x10-3 mol Mg(OH)2

58.33g Mg(OH)2
2 mol HCl

1.7x10 mol Mg(OH)2

1 mol Mg(OH)2
1L

0.10mol HCl

MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

= 3.4x10-3 mol HCl

= 3.4x10-2 L HCl

Sample Problem 3.16 Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions

in Solution
PROBLEM:

PLAN:

3-32

Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from filling teeth
(as an alloy with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial
production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however,
soluble mercury compounds, such mercury(II) nitrate, must be
removed from industrial wastewater. One removal method
reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to produce
solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a
laboratory simulation, 0.050L of 0.010M mercury(II) nitrate
reacts with 0.020L of 0.10M sodium sulfide. How many grams of
mercury(II) sulfide form?

As usual, write a balanced chemical reaction. Since this is a problem

concerning a limiting reactant, we proceed as in Sample Problem
3.10 and find the amount of product which would be made from each
reactant. We then chose the reactant which gives the lesser amount
of product.

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

Sample Problem 3.16 Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems for Reactions

in Solution
continued
SOLUTION:

Hg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2S(aq)

L of Hg(NO3)2

0.050L Hg(NO3)2

0.020L Na2S

x 0.010 mol/L

x 0. 10 mol/L

multiply by M
mol Hg(NO3)2
mol ratio
mol HgS

HgS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

x 1mol HgS

x 1mol HgS

1mol Hg(NO3)2

1mol Na2S

= 5.0x10-4 mol HgS

5.0x10 mol HgS

3-33

Dr. Wolfs CHM 101

232.7g HgS
1 mol HgS

multiply by M

= 2.0x10-3 mol HgS

Hg(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent.

-4

L of Na2S

= 0.12g HgS

mol Na2S
mol ratio
mol HgS