PL/SQL

PL/SQL stands for Procedural

Language extension of SQL.
By
MOHD MIRZA
OCP(Oracle Certified
Professional)

PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along

with the procedural features of
programming languages.

Properties of
programming as
well as the great
interaction with
database.

PLSQL IS NOT A
CASE SENSITIVE
LANG.

COMMENTS IN PLSQL

WHERE AND HOW TO RUN ORACLE

PL/SQL IN WINDOWS ?
YOU HAVE ORACLE 9i/10g/11g in your
system.

THEN FOLLOWS THESE STEPS

1) OPEN RUN PROMPT
2)TPYE SQLPLUS/NOLOG
3)TYPE CONNECT AND THEN ENTER
USERNAME :HR
PASSWORD:HR
4

IMPORTANT PL SQL
CONCEPTS
DECLARE :- if you want to decalre a
variable in plsql program then it
takes place in declare section
BEGIN:- is used to start the working of
program and end is used to
terminate the begin.
Delimiter is used to run (/)
8

WHAT TO DO PREVIOUSLY
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON ; is run
before every time when you
compiled a program in a session.
SET ECHO ON ; is optional

FOR PRINT ON YOUR

SCREEN USE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE command
for e.g. if sal=10 and you want to
print it
Then it looks like
dbms_output.put_line(the salary is
||sal);
10

Value assign in variable

Declare
Num number(11);
Begin
Num:=5;

11

Users input for a variable

DECALRE
N NUMBER(11);
BEGIN
N:=&N;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(THE VALUE IS ||
N);
END;
/
12

Sample program to print your hello world

BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(hello world);
End;
/
/ is used to terminate plsql program
called as delimeter

13

IF STATEMENT
IF STATEMENT WORKS AS SIMILAR AS C OR
C++
Common syntax
IF condition THEN
statement 1;
ELSE
statement 2;
END IF;
14

Conditional statement IF
then else

DECLARE
Age number(11);
Begin
Age:=&age;
If age>18 then
Dbms_output.put_line(u can vote);
Else
Dbms_output.put_line(u cannot vote);
End if;
End;
/
15

USE OF IF WITH SQL TABLE

Declare
A number(11);
Begin
Select salary into a from emp where name=ram;
If a>1000 then
Update emp set bonus=bonus+1000 where name=ram;
Else
Update emp set bonus=bonus+500 where name=ram;
End if;
End;
/

16

To print Pat salary from employees

table using pl program

Declare
n number(11);
Begin
Select salary into n from employees
where first_name=Pat;
Dbms_output.put_line(the Pat sal is ||
n);
End;
/
17

INTO COMMAND
I
INTO command is used to catch a value in
variable from table under some while
condition
Only one value must be returned
For e.g. in the above example if there are
two people whos name is john then it shows
error

18

LOOPS IN PLSQL
1) SIMPLE LOOP
2) WHILE LOOP
3) FOR LOOP
;

19

FOR LOOP
Print number from 1 to 10 using for loop

BEGIN
FOR i in 1 ..10 loop
Dbms_output.put_line(i);
End loop
End;
/
(For has NO need to initialize explicitly but it
need in while )
20

While loop
PRINT NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 10 USING WHILE LOOP

Declare
i number(3):=0;
Begin
While i<=10 loop
i:=i+1;
Dbms_output.put_line(i);
End loop;
End;
/
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SIMPLE LOOP

LOOP
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
Exit condition
End loop;

22

USE OF LOOP IN RDBMS

NAME

ID

SAL

ONE CAN EASILY INSERT ID FROM

SAY 1 TO 100 USING LOOP

23

CREATE TRIGGERS
A trigger is a pl/sql block structure
which is fired when a DML
statements like Insert, Delete,
Update is executed on a database
table. A trigger is triggered
automatically when an associated
DML statement is executed.
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Insert Triggers:
BEFORE INSERT Trigger
AFTER INSERT Trigger
Update Triggers:
BEFORE UPDATE Trigger
AFTER UPDATE Trigger
Delete Triggers:
BEFORE DELETE Trigger
AFTER DELETE Trigger
Drop Triggers:
Drop a Trigger
Disable/Enable Triggers:
Disable a Trigger
Disable all Triggers on a table
Enable a Trigger
Enable all Triggers on a table

25

TRIGGER RESTRICTION IS
OPTIONAL (WHEN CLAUSE)
ONE TRIGGER MAY FIRE
ANOTHER DATABASE
TRIGGERS

26

Create trigger abcd

Before insert or update of sal on emp
For each row
when(new.sal>3000)
begin
:new.mgr:=1000;
end;
/
27

Explanation of last example

If sal of any employee is updated and

greator than 3000 then whose mgr
values set to 1000.

28

SUPPOSE WE HAVE TWO

TABLES ONE IS PRODUCT
AND OTHER IS ORDER LIKE
BIG BAZAR

29

PRODUCT
PNAME

PID

AND
QTY

ORDER TABLES
OPID

DESCRIP
TIO

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 If qty from product table fall within

100 then automatically an order of
that product is placed in order table.

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Create trigger abcd

After update of qty on product
For each row
When(new.qty<100)
Begin
Insert into order values(:new.pid);
End;
/
32

EXCEPTION HANDLING
WHAT IS EXCEPTION ?
AN EXCEPTION IS AN ERROR PL/SQL
THAT IS RAISED DURING PROGRAM
EXECUTION
AN EXCEPTION CAN BE RAISED BY

1) IMPLICITLY BY THE ORACLE

SERVER

2) Explicitly by the program

33

Type of Exception
There are 3 types of Exceptions.
a) Named System Exceptions
b) Unnamed System Exceptions
c) User-defined Exceptions

34

1) Named System Exceptions

System exceptions are automatically
raised by Oracle, when a program
violates a RDBMS rule.
For e.g.
1)CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
2)NO_DATA_FOUND
3)TOO_MANY_ROWS
4)ZERO_DIVIDE
35

TOO_MANY_ROWS
EXAMPLE

SUPPOSE YOU WANT TO RETRIEVE ALL

EMPLOYEES WHOSE NAME=JOHN
DECLARE
a varchar(12)
SELECT LAST_NAME into a from
employees where first_name=john
Dbms_output.put_line(john last name is
||a);
End;
/
36

But if too many people have first_name=john

then using exception handling

DECLARE
a varchar(12)
SELECT LAST_NAME into a from employees where
first_name=john
Dbms_output.put_line(john last name is ||a);
End;
/
Exception
When too_many_rows then
Dbms_output.put_line(your st. gets many rows );
End;
/
37

2)Unnamed System Exceptions

Those system exception for which oracle
does not provide a name is known as
unamed system exception
There are two ways to handle unnamed
sysyem exceptions:
1. By using the WHEN OTHERS exception
handler, or
2. By associating the exception code to a
name and using it as a named exception
38

Unnamed System Exceptions CONT..

We can assign a name to unnamed

system exceptions using a Pragma
called EXCEPTION_INIT.
EXCEPTION_INIT will associate a
predefined Oracle error number to a
programmer_defined exception
name.

39

FOR E.G.
DECLARE
AAA EXCEPTION; -------AAA IS EXCEPTION NAME

PRAGMA --------------------USE TO DEFINE UNMANED EXCEPTION

EXCEPTION_INIT (AAA, -2292); -------------------------MUST BE VALID EXCEPTION NUMBER

BEGIN

Delete FROM SUPPLIER where SUPPLIER_ID= 1;

EXCEPTION

WHEN AAA

THEN Dbms_output.put_line(' $$Child records are present for this product_id.');

END;
/
40

WHAT HAPPENS IN PREVIOUS

EXAMPLE
IF U WANT TO DELETE
SUPPLIER_ID=1 THEN AN EXCEPTION
OCCURS WHICH WILL PRINT AS
WHICH IS IN DBMS_OUTPUT.
ACTUALLY THIS ECEPTION WORKS ON
PARENT CHILD DELETION AND THE
ERROR NUMBER SIGNIFIES THE TYPE
OF ERR AND FOR USER EASE WE
MAKE A USEFUL OR
UNDERSTANDABLE PRINT

41

3) User-defined Exceptions

Apart from sytem exceptions we can explicity

Apart
from sytem exceptions we can explicity
define exceptions based on business rules. These
define exceptions based on business rules. These
are known as user-defined exceptions.
are known as user-defined exceptions.

DECLARE
DECLARE
my-exception EXCEPTION;
my-exception EXCEPTION;
------ ------ Raise name_of_exception;
Raise name_of_exception;
42

FOR E.G.

DECLARE
---Zero_commission Exception;
BEGIN
IF commission=0 THEN
RAISE zero_commission
EXCEPTION
WHEN zero_commission THEN
Process the error
END;
43

For example
When the user enters an invalid ID, the exception
invalid_id is raised
DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := &cc_id;-------------input id at run time
c_name customers.name%type; --------------c_name variable as same
datatype
c_addr customers.address%type;
as customer name datatype
-- user defined exception
ex_invalid_id EXCEPTION;------------exception name
BEGIN
IF c_id <= 0 THEN

RAISE ex_invalid_id;----------------raise user condition

ELSE

SELECT name, address INTO c_name, c_addr

FROM customers

WHERE id = c_id;

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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Name: '|| c_name);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Address: ' || c_addr);
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN ex_invalid_id THEN -------user exception
dbms_output.put_line('ID must be greater than zero!');
WHEN no_data_found THEN
-------predefined exception
dbms_output.put_line('No such customer!');
WHEN others THEN--------------------predefined exception
dbms_output.put_line('Error!');
END;
/

45

STORED PROCEDURE
SOMETHING LIKE FUNCIONS IN C/C++.
A stored procedure is a subroutine

available
to applications that access a relational
database system. A stored procedure
(sometimes called a proc, sproc, StoPro,
StoredProc, sp or SP) is actually stored
in the database data dictionary.
A procedure is similar to an anonymous
PL/SQL Block but it is named for repeated usage.
A procedure may or may not return any value
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Common syntax
CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE
procedure_name
[ (parameter [,parameter]) ]
IS
[declaration_section]
BEGIN
executable_section
[EXCEPTION exception_section]
END [procedure_name];
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EXAMPLE WITHOUT
PARAMETER
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
MYSTPROC IS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello
World!');
END;
/

48

When you create a procedure

or function, you may define
parameters. There are three
types of parameters that can
be declared
1)IN
2)OUT
3)IN OUT
49

PARAMETER TYPES
1) IN type parameter: These types of
parameters are used to send values to
stored procedures.
2) OUT type parameter: These types of
parameters are used to get values from
stored procedures. This is similar to a
return type in functions.
3) IN OUT parameter: These types of
parameters are used to send values and
get values from stored procedures.
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1) IN PARAMETER
This is similar to passing parameters in programming
languages. We can pass values to the stored
procedure through these parameters or variables.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE MYPROC(param1
IN VARCHAR2)
IS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello World IN parameter '
|| param1);
END;
/
51

2) OUT Parameter

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE procname

(outParam1 OUT VARCHAR2)
IS
BEGIN
outParam1 := 'Hello World OUT parameter';
END;
/
Run it
DECLARE outParam1 VARCHAR2(100);
BEGIN
Procname (outParam1);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(outParam1);
END;
/
52

DIFF B/W PROCEDURE AND

FUNCTION
The functions can return only one
value and procedures not. Functions
can be call from SQL Statements,
procedures not and there are some
things that you can
do in a stored procedure that you can
not do in a function.

53

FOR E.G.
Create a stored procedure that adds
1000 to each employees commission
watch for Null values
Create procedure st_proc as
Begin
Update emp set
comm=nvl(comm,0)+1000;
End;
/
54

Procedure can call at any time using

Execute st_proc; ------- procedure
name

OR
Exec st_proc;---------------procedure
name

55

FUNCTIONS
A function is a named PL/SQL Block
which is similar to a procedure. The
major difference between a
procedure and a function is, a
function must always return a value,
but a procedure may or may not
return a value.
56

FUNCTION EXAMPLE

Create function funname

Return number is
a number(10);
Begin
Select avg(sal) into a from emp;
return a;
End;
/
57

HOW TO EXECUTE FUNCTION ?

1) SELECT FUNCTIONNAME FROM
DUAL;
2)DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(FUNCTIONN
AME);

58

CURSORS
A cursor is a temporary work area created in the
system memory when a SQL statement is
executed. A cursor contains information on a
select statement and the rows of data accessed
by it.
Cursors provide a way for your program to select
multiple rows of data from the database and
then to process each row individually.
There are two types of cursors in PL/SQL:
1)IMPLICIT CURSORS
2) Explicit cursors
59

A CURSOR CAN HOLD

MORE THAN ONE ROW,
BUT CAN PROCESS ONLY
ONE ROW AT A TIME.

60

Implicit Cursors

These are created by default when DML

statements like, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements are executed.
The set of rows returned by query is called active
set.
Oracle provides few attributes called as implicit
cursor attributes to check the status of DML
operations. The are as follows

1)
2)
3)
4)

%FOUND
%NOTFOUND
%ROWCOUNT
%ISOPEN.
61

FOR E.G.

DECLARE
n number(5);
BEGIN
UPDATE emp SET salary = salary + 1000;
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
dbms_output.put_line('No sal are updated');
ELSIF SQL%FOUND THEN
n := SQL%ROWCOUNT;
dbms_output.put_line('Sal for ' ||n || 'employees are
updated');
END IF;
END;
/
62

EXPLANATION
%FOUND->The return value is TRUE,
if the DML statements like INSERT,
DELETE and UPDATE affect at least one
row and if SELECT .INTO statement
return at least one row.
%NOTFOUND->same as above but if
not found.
%ROWCOUNT ->Return the number
of rows affected by the DML operations
63

Explicit Cursors
Explicit cursors are declared by and
used by user to process multiple
rows ,returned by select statement.
Anexplicit cursoris defined in the
declaration section of the PL/SQL
Block. It is created on a SELECT
Statement which returns more than
one row. We can provide a suitable
name for the cursor.
64

Explicit cursor management

1)Declare the cursor

2)Open the cursor
3)Fetch data from cursor
4)Close the cursor

65

Declaring the cursor

CURSOR cursor_name IS
select_statement;
For e.g.
Cursor cursor_name is
Select name from emp where
dept=maths

66

Opening the cursor

Open cursor_name
For e.g.
Open c_name
Where c_name is the name of cursor.
Open statement retrieves the records
from db and places in the
cursor(private sql area).

67

Fetching data from cursor

The fetch statement retrieves the rows from the
active set one row at a time. The fetch statement
is used usually used in conjunction with iterative
process (looping statements)
Syntax: FETCH cursor-name INTO record-list
Ex: LOOP
---------- ----------- FETCH c_name INTO name;
---------- END LOOP;
68

Closing a cursor:
Closing statement
closes/deactivates/disables the
previously opened cursor and makes
the active set undefined.
Syntax : CLOSE cursor_name

69

Cursor can store multiple

rows at a time but without
loop cursor cannot fetch
multiple rows but only print
very first row from your
result e.g. on next slide

70

Without loop example

declare
a emp%rowtype;
cursor cc is ------------cursor name
select * from emp where sal>1000;
begin
open cc;-------------------------------open cursor
fetch cc into a;------------------------------fetch cursor
dbsm_output.put_line(a.ename || a.job);--print multiple rows
close cc;
end;
/
output:-allen salesman
71

USING LOOP FOR FETCHING

MULTIPLE ROWS THROUGH CURSORS

declare
cursor qaz is
select ename,job from emp;
a qaz%rowtype;------------------a of cursor type variable
begin
open qaz;----------------------open cursor
loop
fetch qaz into a;-----------------fetch cursor
exit when qaz%notfound;-------------exit when not found
dbms_output.put_line(a.ename || a.job);
end loop;
end;
/
72

Another Cursor example (not

necessary)
The HRD manager has decided to
raise the salary for all the employees
in the physics department by 0.05
whenever any such raise is given to
the employees, a record for the same
is maintained in the emp_raise table
( the data table definitions are given
below ). Write a PL/SQL block to
update the salary of each employee
and insert the record in the

73

Tables

Table: employee
emp_code varchar (10)
emp_name varchar (10)
dept varchar (15)
job varchar (15)
salary number (6,2)
Table: emp_raise
emp_code varchar(10)
raise_date Date
raise_amt Number(6,2)
74

DECLARE
CURSOR c_emp IS -------------------cursor name
SELECT emp_code, salary FROM employee----query which stored in cursor
WHERE dept = 'physics';
a employee.emp_code %TYPE;-------variable declare
b employee.salary %TYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN c_emp;--------------------open cursor
LOOP---------------------------------fetching records using loop
FETCH c_emp INTO a, b;----- fetching records and stored in
UPDATE employee SET salary : = b + (b* 0.05)
WHERE emp_code = str_e;
INSERT INTO emp_raise
VALUES ( str_emp_code, sysdate, num_salary * 0.05 );
END LOOP;
Commit;
CLOSE c_emp;
END;

75

 APackageis a container that may

have many functionsandprocedures
within it.
APACKAGEis a group of
programmatic constructs combined.
A package is a schema object that
groups logically related PL/SQL types,
items, and subprograms
76

A PACKAGE EXISTS IN TWO PARTS:

Package Specification:-The
specification is the interface to
your applications it declares the
types, variables, constants,
exceptions, cursors, and
subprograms available for use.
Package Body:-This contains the
definition of the constructs
prototyped in the spec. It may also
contain the private or locally defined

77

OOPS
PACKAGES DEMONSTRATE
ENCAPSULATION, DATA HIDING,
SUBPROGRAM OVERLOADING AND
MODULARIZATION IN PL/SQL

78

 STEP NO 1:- Package specification

created first means the definition of
constructs in pacakage
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE
PKG_NAME IS
PROCEDURE P_ENAME(P_VAR
VARCHAR2);
END;
/

79

STEP NO 2 ) Creating package body

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY

PKGNAME IS
PROCEDURE P_ENAME(P_VAR
VARCHAR2) IS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(P_VAR);
END;
END PKGNAME;PACKAGE END
/
80

CALLING PACAKGE
EXECUTE IS USED TO CALL A
PACAKAGE
EXEC PKG_UTIL.P_ENAME(MIRZA');
OUTPUT:-MIRZA

81