Lecture 02
Computer Application to
Business
Umair Ramzan Sheikh
IT Department
Contents
Advantages of Computer Over a Human
Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
Generations of Computer
First Generation
Second Generation
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Fifth Generation
Advantages of Computer Over a
Human
1. Speed:
Computer can perform any calculation in split of a second.
Human consumes more time to do the same task.
Advantages of Computer Over a
Human
2. Accuracy:
Computer are very much accurate unless any software or
hardware failure occurs.
Computer accurately performs what it is told to do.
Human is prone to errors.
Advantages of Computer Over a
Human
3. Repetitive:
Computer can perform specific task repetitively infinite number
of times with uniform accuracy.
Human gets bored with repetitive tasks.
Advantages of Computer Over a
Human
4. Run for a long period of time:
Computer can run for a very long period of time (once started).
It does not need any rest.
Human needs some rest and energy to do a task.
Advantages of Computer Over a
Human
5. Multitasking:
Computer can perform several different tasks at a time at very
high speed and tremendous accuracy.
Human can not concentrate mind on multiple tasks.
Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
1. Inflexibility:
Computer are designed to do some specific tasks.
Computer can play music or print the document but it cannot
make a cup of tea for you.
Humans are flexible and can perform wide variety of tasks.
Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
2. Needs Details:
Computer always need details of operation to perform
processing on data (It does not think).
Human can make sense of operation and does not need details
every time.
Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
3. Needs electric energy continuously:
The computer needs continuous electric supply to operate.
While a human also needs some sort of energy in the form of
food but not all the time.
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Disadvantages of Computer Over a Human
4. Loss of data:
The data store in a computer can be corrupted, deleted
accidently or infected by virus.
Human may also lose the memory when some natural disaster
attacks the memory. (But It happens rarely)
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Generations of Computer
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a
computer is/was being used.
There are FIVE generations of computer:
First Generation
Second Generation
Vacuum Tubes
Transistors
Third Generation
Fourth Generation
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI)/Microprocessor
Fifth Generation
Artificial Intelligence
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First Generation of Computer
The period of first generation was 1946-1959.
The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the
basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit).
These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were
prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very
expensive and could be afforded only by very large
organizations.
In this generation mainly batch processing operating systems
were used.
The computers in this generation used machine code as
programming language.
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First Generation of Computer
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First Generation of Computer
The main features of first
generation are:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported machine language only
Very costly
Generated lot of heat
Slow input and output devices
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity
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Second Generation of Computer
The period of second generation was 1959-1965.
In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper,
consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and
faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum
tubes.
In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary
memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary
storage devices.
In this generation assembly language and high-level
programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used.
The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming
operating system.
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Second Generation of Computer
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Second Generation of Computer
The main features of second
generation are:
Use of transistors
Reliable in comparison to first
generation computers
Smaller size as compared to first
generation computers
Generated less heat as compared to
first generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared
to first generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Supported machine and assembly
languages
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Third Generation of Computer
The period of third generation was 1965-1971.
The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's)
in place of transistors.
A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along
with the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.
This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and
efficient.
In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were used.
High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,
BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
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Third Generation of Computer
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Third Generation of Computer
The main features of third
generation are:
IC used
More reliable in comparison to
previous two generations
Smaller size
Generated less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Supported high-level language
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Fourth Generation of Computer
The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980.
The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit
elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it
possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact,
reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal
computer (PC) revolution.
In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed
operating system were used.
All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used
in this generation.
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Fourth Generation of Computer
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Fourth Generation of Computer
The main features of fourth
generation are:
VLSI technology used
Computers became easily available
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of
networks
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Fifth Generation of Computer
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date.
In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production
of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software.
AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets
means and method of making computers think like human
beings.
All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are
used in this generation.
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Fifth Generation of Computer
Artificial Intelligence (AI) includes:
Robotics
Neural Networks
Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life
situations.
Natural language understanding and generation.
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Fifth Generation of Computer
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Fifth Generation of Computer
The main features of fifth
generation are:
ULSI technology
Development of Natural language
processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing
More user friendly interfaces with
multimedia features
Availability of very powerful and
compact computers at cheaper rates
Development of true artificial
intelligence
Advancement in Superconductor
technology
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