Learning Goals Mutual Inductance Behavior of Inductors Sharing A Common Magnetic Field

MAGNETICALLY COUPLED NETWORKS
LEARNING GOALS
Mutual Inductance
Behavior of inductors sharing a common magnetic field
The ideal transformer

Device modeling components used to change voltage and/or
current levels
BASIC CONCEPTS A REVIEW

Magnetic field
Total magnetic
flux linked by Nturn coil
Amperes Law
(linear model)
Faradays
Induction Law
Assumes constant L
and linear models!
Ideal Inductor
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Overview of Induction Laws
Magneti
c
flux
Induced links
on second
coil
( )
2
Total fluxlinkage
N (webers)
If linkage is created by a current flowing
through the coils
Li
(Amperes Law)
The voltage created at the terminals of

the components is
vL
di
dt
(Faradays Induction Law)
One has the effect of mutual inductance
TWO-COIL SYSTEM
Self-induced
(both currents contribute to flux)
Mutual-induced
Linear model simplifying

notation
THE DOT CONVENTION

COUPLED COILS WITH DIFFERENT WINDING CONFIGURATION
Dots mark reference

polarity for voltages
induced by each flux
THE DOT CONVENTION REVIEW
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Currents and voltages follow

passive sign convention
(v2 (t ))
i2 ( t )
i1 (t )
Flux 2 induced
voltage has + at dot
di1
di
(t ) M 2 (t )
dt
dt
di
di
v2 ( t ) M 1 (t ) L2 2 ( t )
dt
dt
v1 (t ) L1
For other cases change polarities or

current directions to convert to this
basic case
di
di
v1 (t ) L1 1 M 2
dt
dt
di
di
v2 (t ) M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
di1
di
M 2
dt
dt
di
di
v2 M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
v1 L1
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Mesh 1
LEARNING EXAMPLE - CONTINUED
Mesh 2
Voltage Terms
PHASORS AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
di1
di
(t ) M 2 (t )
dt
dt
di
di
v2 (t ) M 1 (t ) L2 2 (t )
dt
dt
v1 (t ) L1
Assuming complex V1 jL1 I1 jMI 2

exponential sources V2 jMI1 jL2 I 2
Phasor model for mutually

coupled linear inductors
LEARNING EXAMPLEThe coupled inductors can be connected in four different w

Find the model for each case
CASE I
I
V1
Currents into dots
I
V2
V V1 V2
V1 jL1 I jMI
V2 jMI jL2 I
V j ( L1 L2 2 M ) I j Leq I
CASE 2
Currents into dots
I
V1
V2
V V1 V2
V1 j L1I j MI
V2 j MI j L2 I
V j ( L1 2 M L2 ) I
Leq
Leq 0 imposesa physicalconstrain

on the valueof M
CASE 3
I1
Currents into dots
I2
I I1 I 2
I 2 I I1
V jL1 I1 jMI 2
V jMI1 jL2 I 2
V jL1 I1 jM ( I I1 )
V jMI1 jL2 ( I I1 )
V j ( L1 M ) I1 jMI
/( L2 M )
V j ( L2 M ) I1 jL2 I /( L1 M )
( L1 L2 2 M )V j M ( L2 M ) L2 ( L1 M ) I
L1 L2 M 2
V j
I
L1 L2 2 M
CASE 4
Currents into dots
I2
I1
( V )
I I1 I 2
V jL1 I1 jMI 2
V jMI1 jL2 I 2
L1 L2 M 2
V j
I
L1 L2 2M
LEARNING EXAMPLEFIND THE VOLTAGEV
I2
I1
V1
1. Coupled inductors. Define the

voltages and currents
V2
KVL: 2430 2 I1 V1
VS
KVL: - V2 j 2 I 2 2 I 2 0
MUTUALINDUCTANCECIRCUIT
V1 j 4 I1 j 2( I 2 )
V0 2I 2
2. Write loop equation

in terms of coupled
inductor voltages
3. Write equations fo
coupled inductors
V2 j 2 I1 j 6( I 2 )
VS ( 2 j 4) I1 j 2 I 2
/ j2
0 j 2 I1 (2 j 2 j 6) I 2 / 2 j 4
j 2VS 4 (2 j 4) 2 I 2
j 2VS
j
2VS
I2
8 j16 j 16 8 j
VS
2430
V0 2 I 2
5.373.42
4 2 j 4.4726.57
4. Replace into loop equation

and do the algebra
LEARNING EXAMPLEWrite the mesh equations
I1 I 2
3. Write equations for coupled inductor
I 2 I3
V1
V2
V1 jL1 ( I1 I 2 ) jM ( I 2 I 3 )
V2 jM ( I1 I 2 ) jL2 ( I 2 I 3 )
4. Replace into loop equations and
rearrange terms
1
I1
V R1 jL1
j
1
jL1 jM
I 2 jMI 3
1. Define variables for coupled inductors

j
1
2. Write loop equations in terms of coupled
inductor voltages
V R1 I1 V1
I1 I 2
jC1
V1 R2 I 2 V2 R3 ( I 2 I 3 )
V2
I 2 I1
0
jC1
I3
R4 I 3 R3 ( I 3 I 2 ) 0
j C 2
1
I1
0 jL1 jM
j
1
I 2
jL2 jM R2 jM jL2 R3
j
1
jM jL2 R3 I 3
0 jMI1 jL2 jM R3 I 2
1
jL2
R4 R3 I 3
j C 2
LEARNING EXAMPLE DETERMINE IMPEDANCE SEEN BY THE SOURCE

Zi
Z S 3 j1()
I1
Z L 1 j1()
V1
V2
I2
Z S jL1 I1 ( jM ) I 2 VS
1. Variables for coupled inductors

2. Loop equations in terms of coupled
inductors voltages
3. Equations for coupled inductors
V1 jL1I1 jM ( I 2 )
V2 jMI1 jL2 ( I 2 )
4. Replace and do the algebra
/( Z L jL2 )
( jM ) I1 ( Z L jL2 ) I 2 0 / jM
jL1 j 2()
jL2 j 2()
jM j1()
Z S I1 V1 VS
V2 Z L I 2 0
VS
I1
( Z
jL1 )( Z L jL2 ) ( jM ) 2 I1
( Z L jL2 )VS
VS
( j M ) 2
Zi
( Z S jL1 )
I1
Z L jL2
( j1) 2
1
1 j
Z i 3 j3
3 j3
1 j1
1 j 1 j
1 j
3.5 j 2.5()
2
Z i 4.3035.54()
Z i 3 j3
THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
1 N1
2 N 2
Insures that no magnetic flux
d
goes astray
v1 ( t ) N1 (t )
v
N
dt
1 1 First ideal transformer
d
v2 N 2 equation
v2 (t ) N 2
(t )
dt
v1 (t )i1 (t ) v2 (t )i2 (t ) 0 Ideal transformer is lossless
i1
N
2 Second ideal transformer
i2
N1 equations
Circuit Representations
v1 N1
;
v2 N 2
i1 N 2
i2 N 1
REFLECTING IMPEDANCES
For future reference
N
S1 V1 I1* V2 1
N2
n
V1 N1
(both signsat dots)

V2 N 2
V2 Z L I 2 (Ohm's Law)
2
N
V1 1 Z L I1
N2
2
N
V1
Z1 1 Z L
I1
N2
Z1 impedance,Z L , reflected
intotheprimaryside
N
I 2 2 V2 I 2* S 2
N1
N2
turnsratio
N1
Phasor equations for ideal transformer
I1 N 2
(CurrentI 2 leavingtransforme
r)
I 2 N1
N
N
V1 2 Z L I1 1
N1
N2
V2
n
I1 nI 2
V1
ZL
n2
S1 S2
Z1
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine all indicated voltages and currents
n 1 / 4 0.25
I1
1200
1200
2.33 13.5
50 j12 51.4213.5
V1 Z1 I1 (32 j16) 2.33 13.5

83.3613.07
Strategy: reflect impedance into the

primary side and make transformer
transparent to user.
ZL
Z1
n2
ZL
CAREFUL WITH POLARITIES AND

CURRENT DIRECTIONS!
I2
I1
4 I1 (current into dot)
n
V2 nV1 0.25V1 ( is oppositeto dot)
Z1 32 j16
USING THEVENINS THEOREM TO SIMPLIFY CIRCUITS WITH IDEAL TRANSFORME
Replace this circuit with its Thevenin

equivalent
Reflect impedance into

secondary
ZTH
ZTH n 2 Z1
I2 0
I1 0 V1 VS1
I1 nI 2
V1 VS1
VOC nVS1
V2 nV1
To determine the Thevenin impedance...
Equivalent circuit with transformer

made transparent.
One can also determine the Thevenin
equivalent at 1 - 1
USING THEVENINS THEOREM: REFLECTING INTO THE PRIMARY
ZTH
Z2
n2
Find the Thevenin equivalent of Equivalent circuit reflecting

this part
into primary
In opencircuitI1 0 and I 2 0
VOC
VS 2
n
Thevenin impedance will be the the

secondary mpedance reflected into
the primary circuit
Equivalent circuit reflecting

into secondary
LEARNING EXAMPLE Draw the two equivalent circuits
n2
Equivalent circuit reflecti

into secondary
Equivalent circuit reflectin

into primary
LEARNING EXAMPLEFindVo
Thevenin equivalent of this part
To computeVo is betterto reflectintosecondary
But before doing that it is better to simplify the primary using Thevenins The
Vd
ZTH
j16 8 j8 j16
2
4 j4
4 j4
ZTH
2 j6 1 j 8 j4
1 j 1 j
2
VOC Vd 4 90
Vd
j4
24 90
240
4 j4
1 j
VOC 14.42 33.69(V )

ZTH 2 (4 || j 4)
ZTH 4 j 2()
This equivalent circuit is now transferred t

the secondary
LEARNING EXAMPLE (continued)
n2
Thevenin equivalent of primary side
Equivalent circuit reflectin

into secondary
Circuit with primary transferred to secondary
Vo
2
2 28.84 33.69
28.84 33.69
20 j 5
20.62 14.04
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find I1 , I 2 ,V1 ,V2
2V1 V2 2 I1 100
I1 50
V1 (1 j )V2 2 I 2 0
n2
V2 2V1
I1 2 I 2
I 2 2.50
V1 (1 j )(2V1 ) 50
V1
Nothing can be transferred. Use
transformer equations and circuit
analysis tools
Phasor equations for ideal transformer
V2
n
I1 nI 2
V 100 V1 V2
@ Node1: 1
I1 0
2
2
V V V
@Node2: 2 1 2 I 2 0
2
j2
V1
4 equations in 4 unknowns!
50
50
563.43
1 j 2 2.24 63.43
V2 2 563.43

Learning Goals Mutual Inductance Behavior of Inductors Sharing A Common Magnetic Field

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MAGNETICALLY COUPLED NETWORKS

The ideal transformer

BASIC CONCEPTS A REVIEW

The voltage created at the terminals of

(Faradays Induction Law)

One has the effect of mutual inductance

(both currents contribute to flux)

Linear model simplifying

THE DOT CONVENTION

Dots mark reference

THE DOT CONVENTION REVIEW

Currents and voltages follow

For other cases change polarities or

LEARNING EXAMPLE - CONTINUED

PHASORS AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Assuming complex V1 jL1 I1 jMI 2

Phasor model for mutually

LEARNING EXAMPLEThe coupled inductors can be connected in four different w

Currents into dots

Currents into dots

Leq 0 imposesa physicalconstrain

Currents into dots

Currents into dots

LEARNING EXAMPLEFIND THE VOLTAGEV

1. Coupled inductors. Define the

2. Write loop equation

4. Replace into loop equation

LEARNING EXAMPLEWrite the mesh equations

3. Write equations for coupled inductor

1. Define variables for coupled inductors

LEARNING EXAMPLE DETERMINE IMPEDANCE SEEN BY THE SOURCE

1. Variables for coupled inductors

3. Equations for coupled inductors

THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

Insures that no magnetic flux

For future reference

(both signsat dots)

Phasor equations for ideal transformer

LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine all indicated voltages and currents

V1 Z1 I1 (32 j16) 2.33 13.5

Strategy: reflect impedance into the

CAREFUL WITH POLARITIES AND

V2 nV1 0.25V1 ( is oppositeto dot)

USING THEVENINS THEOREM TO SIMPLIFY CIRCUITS WITH IDEAL TRANSFORME

Replace this circuit with its Thevenin

Reflect impedance into

To determine the Thevenin impedance...

Equivalent circuit with transformer

USING THEVENINS THEOREM: REFLECTING INTO THE PRIMARY

Find the Thevenin equivalent of Equivalent circuit reflecting

Thevenin impedance will be the the

Equivalent circuit reflecting

LEARNING EXAMPLE Draw the two equivalent circuits

Equivalent circuit reflecti

Equivalent circuit reflectin

To computeVo is betterto reflectintosecondary

VOC 14.42 33.69(V )

This equivalent circuit is now transferred t