Learn Python

in three hours
Some material adapted
from Upenn cmpe391
slides and other sources

Overview

History
Installing & Running Python
Names & Assignment
Sequences types: Lists, Tuples, and
Strings
Mutability

Brief History of Python

Invented in the Netherlands, early 90s
by Guido van Rossum
Named after Monty Python
Open sourced from the beginning
Considered a scripting language, but is
much more
Scalable, object oriented and functional
from the beginning
Used by Google from the beginning
Increasingly popular

Pythons Benevolent Dictator For Life

Python is an experiment in
how much freedom programmers need. Too much freedom
and nobody can read another's
code; too little and expressiveness is endangered.
- Guido van Rossum

http://docs.python.org/

The Python tutorial is good!

Running
Python

The Python Interpreter

Typical Python implementations offer
both an interpreter and compiler
Interactive interface to Python with a
read-eval-print loop
[finin@linux2 ~]$ python
Python 2.4.3 (#1, Jan 14 2008, 18:32:40)
[GCC 4.1.2 20070626 (Red Hat 4.1.2-14)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> def square(x):

... return x * x
...
>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
[1, 4, 9, 16]
>>>

Installing
Python is pre-installed on most Unix systems,
including Linux and MAC OS X
The pre-installed version may not be the most
recent one (2.6.2 and 3.1.1 as of Sept 09)
Download from http://python.org/download/
Python comes with a large library of standard
modules
There are several options for an IDE
IDLE works well with Windows
Emacs with python-mode or your favorite text editor
Eclipse with Pydev (http://pydev.sourceforge.net/)

IDLE Development Environment

IDLE is an Integrated DeveLopment Environment for Python, typically used on Windows
Multi-window text editor with syntax
highlighting, auto-completion, smart indent
and other.
Python shell with syntax highlighting.
Integrated debugger
with stepping, persistent breakpoints,
and call stack visibility

Editing Python in Emacs

Emacs python-mode has good support for editing
Python, enabled enabled by default for .py files
Features: completion, symbol help, eldoc, and inferior
interpreter shell, etc.

Running Interactively on UNIX

On Unix
% python
>>> 3+3
6
Python prompts with >>>.
To exit Python (not Idle):
In Unix, type CONTROL-D
In Windows, type CONTROL-Z + <Enter>
Evaluate exit()

Running Programs on UNIX

Call python program via the python interpreter
% python fact.py
Make a python file directly executable by
Adding the appropriate path to your python
interpreter as the first line of your file
#!/usr/bin/python
Making the file executable
% chmod a+x fact.py

Invoking file from Unix command line

% fact.py

Example script: fact.py

#! /usr/bin/python
def fact(x):
"""Returns the factorial of its argument, assumed to be a posint"""

if x == 0:
return 1
return x * fact(x - 1)
print
print N fact(N)
print "---------"
for n in range(10):
print n, fact(n)

Python Scripts
When you call a python program from the
command line the interpreter evaluates each
expression in the file
Familiar mechanisms are used to provide
command line arguments and/or redirect
input and output
Python also has mechanisms to allow a
python program to act both as a script and as
a module to be imported and used by another
python program

Example of a Script
#! /usr/bin/python
""" reads text from standard input and outputs any email
addresses it finds, one to a line.
"""
import re
from sys import stdin
# a regular expression ~ for a valid email address
pat = re.compile(r'[-\w][-.\w]*@[-\w][-\w.]+[a-zA-Z]{2,4}')
for line in stdin.readlines():
for address in pat.findall(line):
print address

results
python> python email0.py <email.txt
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
python>

Getting a unique, sorted list

import re
from sys import stdin
pat = re.compile(r'[-\w][-.\w]*@[-\w][-\w.]+[a-zA-Z]{2,4})
# found is an initially empty set (a list w/o duplicates)

found = set( )
for line in stdin.readlines():
for address in pat.findall(line):
found.add(address)

# sorted() takes a sequence, returns a sorted list of its elements

for address in sorted(found):

print address

results
python> python email2.py <email.txt
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
python>

Simple functions: ex.py

"""factorialdonerecursivelyanditeratively"""

deffact1(n):
ans=1
foriinrange(2,n):
ans=ans*n
returnans
deffact2(n):
ifn<1:
return1
else:
returnn*fact2(n1)

Simple functions: ex.py

671>python
Python2.5.2
>>>importex
>>>ex.fact1(6)
1296
>>>ex.fact2(200)
78865786736479050355236321393218507000000L
>>>ex.fact1
<functionfact1at0x902470>
>>>fact1
Traceback(mostrecentcalllast):
File"<stdin>",line1,in<module>
NameError:name'fact1'isnotdefined
>>>

The Basics

A Code Sample (in IDLE)

x = 34 - 23
# A comment.
y = Hello
# Another one.
z = 3.45
if z == 3.45 or y == Hello:
x=x+1
y = y + World # String concat.
print x
print y

Enough to Understand the Code

Indentation matters to code meaning
Block structure indicated by indentation

First assignment to a variable creates it

Variable types dont need to be declared.
Python figures out the variable types on its own.

Assignment is = and comparison is ==

For numbers + - * / % are as expected
Special use of + for string concatenation and % for
string formatting (as in Cs printf)

Logical operators are words (and, or,

not) not symbols
The basic printing command is print

Basic Datatypes
Integers (default for numbers)
z = 5 / 2 # Answer 2, integer division

Floats
x = 3.456

Strings
Can use or to specify with abc == abc
Unmatched can occur within the string:
matts
Use triple double-quotes for multi-line strings or
strings than contain both and inside of them:
abc

Whitespace
Whitespace is meaningful in Python: especially
indentation and placement of newlines
Use a newline to end a line of code
Use \ when must go to next line prematurely

No braces {} to mark blocks of code, use

consistent indentation instead
First line with less indentation is outside of the block
First line with more indentation starts a nested block

Colons start of a new block in many constructs,

e.g. function definitions, then clauses

Comments
Start comments with #, rest of line is ignored
Can include a documentation string as the
first line of a new function or class you define
Development environments, debugger, and
other tools use it: its good style to include one
def fact(n):
fact(n) assumes n is a positive
integer and returns facorial of n.
assert(n>0)
return 1 if n==1 else n*fact(n-1)

Assignment
Binding a variable in Python means setting a name to
hold a reference to some object
Assignment creates references, not copies

Names in Python do not have an intrinsic type,

objects have types
Python determines the type of the reference automatically
based on what data is assigned to it

You create a name the first time it appears on the left

side of an assignment expression:
x=3

A reference is deleted via garbage collection after

any names bound to it have passed out of scope
Python uses reference semantics (more later)

Naming Rules
Names are case sensitive and cannot start
with a number. They can contain letters,
numbers, and underscores.
bob

Bob

_bob

_2_bob_

bob_2

There are some reserved words:

BoB

and, assert, break, class, continue,

def, del, elif, else, except, exec,
finally, for, from, global, if,
import, in, is, lambda, not, or,
pass, print, raise, return, try,
while

Naming conventions
The Python community has these recommended naming conventions
joined_lower for functions, methods and,
attributes
joined_lower or ALL_CAPS for constants
StudlyCaps for classes
camelCase only to conform to pre-existing
conventions
Attributes: interface, _internal, __private

Assignment
You can assign to multiple names at the
same time
>>> x, y = 2, 3
>>> x
2
>>> y
3

This makes it easy to swap values

>>> x, y = y, x

Assignments can be chained

>>> a = b = x = 2

Accessing Non-Existent Name

Accessing a name before its been properly
created (by placing it on the left side of an
assignment), raises an error
>>> y
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in -toplevely
NameError: name y' is not defined
>>> y = 3
>>> y
3

Sequence types:
Tuples, Lists, and
Strings

Sequence Types
1. Tuple: (john, 32, [CMSC])
A simple immutable ordered sequence of
items
Items can be of mixed types, including
collection types

2. Strings: John Smith

Immutable
Conceptually very much like a tuple

3. List: [1, 2, john, (up, down)]

Mutable ordered sequence of items of
mixed types

Similar Syntax
All three sequence types (tuples,
strings, and lists) share much of the
same syntax and functionality.
Key difference:
Tuples and strings are immutable
Lists are mutable
The operations shown in this section
can be applied to all sequence types
most examples will just show the
operation performed on one

Sequence Types 1
Define tuples using parentheses and commas
>>> tu = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Define lists are using square brackets and

commas
>>> li = [abc, 34, 4.34, 23]

Define strings using quotes (, , or ).

>>> st
>>> st
>>> st
string

= Hello World
= Hello World
= This is a multi-line
that uses triple quotes.

Sequence Types 2
Access individual members of a tuple, list, or
string using square bracket array notation
Note that all are 0 based
>>> tu = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)
>>> tu[1]
# Second item in the tuple.
abc
>>> li = [abc, 34, 4.34, 23]
>>> li[1]
# Second item in the list.
34
>>> st = Hello World
>>> st[1]
# Second character in string.
e

Positive and negative indices

>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Positive index: count from the left, starting with 0

>>> t[1]
abc
Negative index: count from right, starting with 1
>>> t[-3]
4.56

Slicing: return copy of a subset

>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Return a copy of the container with a subset of

the original members. Start copying at the first
index, and stop copying before second.
>>> t[1:4]
(abc, 4.56, (2,3))
Negative indices count from end
>>> t[1:-1]
(abc, 4.56, (2,3))

Slicing: return copy of a =subset

>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Omit first index to make copy starting from

beginning of the container
>>> t[:2]
(23, abc)
Omit second index to make copy starting at first
index and going to end
>>> t[2:]
(4.56, (2,3), def)

Copying the Whole Sequence

[ : ] makes a copy of an entire sequence
>>> t[:]
(23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)
Note the difference between these two lines
for mutable sequences
>>> l2 = l1 # Both refer to 1 ref,
# changing one affects both
>>> l2 = l1[:] # Independent copies, two
refs

The in Operator
Boolean test whether a value is inside a container:
>>> t
>>> 3
False
>>> 4
True
>>> 4
False

= [1, 2, 4, 5]
in t
in t
not in t

For strings, tests for substrings

>>> a = 'abcde'
>>> 'c' in a
True
>>> 'cd' in a
True
>>> 'ac' in a
False

Be careful: the in keyword is also used in the syntax

of for loops and list comprehensions

The + Operator
The + operator produces a new tuple, list, or
string whose value is the concatenation of its
arguments.
>>> (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
>>> [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> Hello + + World
Hello World

The * Operator
The * operator produces a new tuple, list, or
string that repeats the original content.
>>> (1, 2, 3) * 3
(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)
>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> Hello * 3
HelloHelloHello

Mutability:
Tuples vs. Lists

Lists are mutable

>>> li = [abc, 23, 4.34, 23]
>>> li[1] = 45
>>> li
[abc, 45, 4.34, 23]
We can change lists in place.
Name li still points to the same memory
reference when were done.

Tuples are immutable

>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)
>>> t[2] = 3.14
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#75>", line 1, in -topleveltu[2] = 3.14
TypeError: object doesn't support item assignment

You cant change a tuple.

You can make a fresh tuple and assign its
reference to a previously used name.
>>> t = (23, abc, 3.14, (2,3), def)

The immutability of tuples means theyre faster

than lists.

Operations on Lists Only

>>> li = [1, 11, 3, 4, 5]
>>> li.append(a) # Note the method
syntax
>>> li
[1, 11, 3, 4, 5, a]
>>> li.insert(2, i)
>>>li
[1, 11, i, 3, 4, 5, a]

The extend method vs +

+ creates a fresh list with a new memory ref
extend operates on list li in place.
>>> li.extend([9, 8, 7])
>>> li
[1, 2, i, 3, 4, 5, a, 9, 8, 7]

Potentially confusing:
extend takes a list as an argument.
append takes a singleton as an argument.
>>> li.append([10, 11, 12])
>>> li
[1, 2, i, 3, 4, 5, a, 9, 8, 7, [10,
11, 12]]

Operations on Lists Only

Lists have many methods, including index, count,
remove, reverse, sort
>>> li = [a, b, c, b]
>>> li.index(b) # index of 1st occurrence
1
>>> li.count(b) # number of occurrences
2
>>> li.remove(b) # remove 1st occurrence
>>> li
[a, c, b]

Operations on Lists Only

>>> li = [5, 2, 6, 8]
>>> li.reverse()
>>> li
[8, 6, 2, 5]

# reverse the list *in place*

>>> li.sort()
>>> li
[2, 5, 6, 8]

# sort the list *in place*

>>> li.sort(some_function)
# sort in place using user-defined comparison

Tuple details
The comma is the tuple creation operator, not parens
>>> 1,
(1,)

Python shows parens for clarity (best practice)

>>> (1,)
(1,)

Don't forget the comma!

>>> (1)
1

Trailing comma only required for singletons others

Empty tuples have a special syntactic form
>>> ()
()
>>> tuple()
()

Summary: Tuples vs. Lists

Lists slower but more powerful than tuples
Lists can be modified, and they have lots of
handy operations and mehtods
Tuples are immutable and have fewer
features
To convert between tuples and lists use the
list() and tuple() functions:
li = list(tu)
tu = tuple(li)