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Generatio N of Computer

The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, expensive to operate, and could only solve one problem at a time. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, allowing multiple applications to run simultaneously. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop artificial intelligence through parallel processing, quantum computing, and nanotechnology.

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Govind Mishra
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66 views14 pages

Generatio N of Computer

The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, expensive to operate, and could only solve one problem at a time. The second generation used transistors, making computers smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, allowing multiple applications to run simultaneously. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip, leading to personal computers. The fifth generation, still in development, aims to develop artificial intelligence through parallel processing, quantum computing, and nanotechnology.

Uploaded by

Govind Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Generatio

n
of
Computer

Generation of Computer
The history ofcomputerdevelopment is often
referred to in reference to the
differentgenerations of computingdevices. Each
of the five generations of computers is
characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the
way computers operate, resulting in increasingly
smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more
efficient and reliable computing devices.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum


The first computers

used vacuum tubes


for circuitry and
magnetic drums
formemory, and
were often
enormous, taking
up entire rooms.
They were very
expensive to
operate and in
addition to using a
great deal of
electricity,
generated a lot of
heat, which was
often the cause of
malfunctions.

Tubes

First Generation
First generation computers relied on

machine language , the lowest-level programming


language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one problem
at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC andENIACcomputers are examples
of first-generation computing devices. The
UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census
Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation (1956-1963)


Transistors

Transistorsreplaced vacuum tubes

and ushered in the second


generation of computers. The
transistor was invented in 1947 but
did not see widespread use in
computers until the late 1950s. The
transistor was far superior to the
vacuum tube, allowing computers
to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
more energy-efficient and more
reliable than their first-generation
predecessors. Though the transistor
still generated a great deal of heat
that subjected the computer to
damage, it was a vast improvement
over the vacuum tube. Secondgeneration computers still relied on
punched cards for input and
printouts for output.

Second Generation
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic

binarymachine language to symbolic, orassembly,


languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words.
High-level programming languageswere also being
developed at this time, such as early versions of
COBOLandFORTRAN.
These were also the first computers that stored
their instructions in their memory, which moved
from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were
developed for the atomic energy industry.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits


The development of
the
integrated circuit
was the hallmark of
the third generation
of computers.
Transistors were
miniaturized and
placed onsilicon
chips, called
semiconductors,
which drastically
increased the speed
and efficiency of
computers.

Third Generation
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users

interacted with third generation computers


throughkeyboardsandmonitorsandinterfaced
with anoperating system, which allowed the
device to run many differentapplicationsat one
time with a central program that monitored the
memory.
Computers for the first time became accessible
to a mass audience because they were smaller
and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971Present) Microprocessors


Themicroprocessor

brought the fourth


generation of computers,
as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip. What in
the first generation filled
an entire room could now
fit in the palm of the hand.
The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, located
all the components of the
computerfrom the
central processing unit and
memory to input/output
controlson a single chip.

Fourth Generation
In 1981IBMintroduced its first computer for the home

user, and in 1984Appleintroduced the Macintosh.


Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of
desktop computers and into many areas of life as
more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful,
they could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the
development ofGUIs, themouseandhandheld
devices.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial


Intelligence

Fifth generation

computing
devices, based on
artificial intelligen
ce
, are still in
development,
though there are
some applications,
such as
voice recognition,
that are being
used today.

Fifth Generation
The use ofparallel processingand

superconductors is helping to make artificial


intelligence a reality.
Quantum computationand molecular and
nanotechnologywill radically change the face
of computers in years to come.
The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to
natural languageinput and are capable of
learning and self-organization.

Submitted By :-Govind
XI - C
Submitted To :-

THE END

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