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Lecture 4 Transmitters Modulation

This document provides an outline and overview of topics related to digital communication systems, including transmitters, receivers, synchronization, channel capacity, error correction codes, equalization, spread spectrum, and fading. The first part focuses on transmitter topics like increasing information per bit, noise immunity, and bandwidth efficiency. Key techniques discussed are coding to increase noise immunity, and modulation to increase bandwidth efficiency. The document then discusses QAM modulation in detail, including constructing QAM waveforms, signal space representation, Euclidean distance between codes, and the bandwidth required for QAM. It analyzes the power spectrum of QAM signals and how the symbol power spectrum and pulse shaping filter together determine the overall signal bandwidth.

Uploaded by

Severina Mallari
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Lecture 4 Transmitters Modulation

This document provides an outline and overview of topics related to digital communication systems, including transmitters, receivers, synchronization, channel capacity, error correction codes, equalization, spread spectrum, and fading. The first part focuses on transmitter topics like increasing information per bit, noise immunity, and bandwidth efficiency. Key techniques discussed are coding to increase noise immunity, and modulation to increase bandwidth efficiency. The document then discusses QAM modulation in detail, including constructing QAM waveforms, signal space representation, Euclidean distance between codes, and the bandwidth required for QAM. It analyzes the power spectrum of QAM signals and how the symbol power spectrum and pulse shaping filter together determine the overall signal bandwidth.

Uploaded by

Severina Mallari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outline

Transmitters (Chapters 3 and 4, Source Coding


and Modulation) (week 1 and 2)

Receivers (Chapter 5) (week 3 and 4)


Received Signal Synchronization (Chapter 6) (week 5)
Channel Capacity (Chapter 7) (week 6)
Error Correction Codes (Chapter 8) (week 7 and 8)
Equalization (Bandwidth Constrained Channels) (Chapter 10)
(week 9)
Adaptive Equalization (Chapter 11) (week 10 and 11)
Spread Spectrum (Chapter 13) (week 12)
Fading and multi path (Chapter 14) (week 12)

Transmitters (week 1 and 2)

Information Measures
Vector Quantization
Delta Modulation
QAM

Digital Communication System:


Information per bit increases

Transmitter
Receiver

Bandwidth efficiency increases

noise immunity increases

Transmitter Topics
Increasing information per bit
Increasing noise immunity
Increasing bandwidth efficiency

Increasing Noise Immunity


Coding (Chapter
8, weeks 7 and 8)

Increasing bandwidth Efficiency


Modulation of
digital data into
analog waveforms
Impact of
Modulation on
Bandwidth
efficiency

QAM modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Really Quadrature Phase Amplitude
modulation

sm (t ) Re ( Amc jAms ) g (t )e

j 2f c t

Amc g (t ) cos 2f c t Ams g (t ) sin 2f c t


Vm g (t ) cos(2f c t m )
Amplitude and Phase modulation

m 1,2, , M
0t T

g(t) is a pulse waveform to


control the spectrum,
e.g., raised cosine

QAM waveforms
To construct the wave forms we need to
know fc, g(t), Amc, and Ams
However, we can write sm(t) as an linear
combination of orthonormal waveforms:

sm (t ) sm1 f1 (t ) sm 2 f 2 (t )

QAM waveforms
QAM orthonormal waveforms:

sm (t ) sm1 f1 (t ) sm 2 f 2 (t )
f1 (t )
f 2 (t )

s m sm1

g (t ) cos 2f c t

Amc

g (t ) sin 2f c t

g 2 (t )dt

sm 2

Ams

QAM signal space


sm2

QAM wave form can


be represented by just
the vector sm
(still need fc, g(t), and
g to make actual
waveforms)

Signal space
Constellation
determines all of the
code vectors

sm1

Euclidean distance between codes


(e)
d mn
sm sn

( sm1 sn1 ) ( sm 2 sn 2 )
2

sm2 1 2sm1sn1 sn21 sm2 2 2 sm 2 sn 2 sn22

s m s n 2s m s n

sm

Re( mn )

Re( mn )

Is the Energy of the signal

sm sn

Is the cross correlation of the signals


n

Euclidean distance between codes


Signals of similar energy and highly cross
correlated have a small Euclidean
separation
Euclidean separation of adjacent signal
vectors is thus a good measure of the ability
of one signal to be mistaken for the other
and cause error
Choose constellations with max space
between vectors for min error probability

Rectangular QAM signal space


Minimum Euclidean
distance between
the M codes is?

sm2

sm1

Rectangular QAM signal space


Euclidean distance between the M codes is:
Amc dim , Ams djm , im 1,2, M , jm 1,2, M
Anc din , Ans djn , in 1,2, M , jn 1,2, M
d

(e)
mn

sm sn

(( Amc Anc ) ( Ams Ans ) )


2

((im in ) ( jm jn ) )
2

Rectangular QAM signal space


Minimum euclidean
distance between
the M codes is: d 2

sm2

(e)
min

min d

(e)
mn

d 2 g

sm1

Channel Modeling
Noise
Additive
White
Gaussian

Contaminatedbasebandsignal

Baseband Demodulation
Correlative receiver
Matched filter receiver

64QAMDemodulatedData

Bandwidth required of QAM


If k bits of information is encoded in the
amplitude and phase combinations then the
data rate:

R k /T
Where 1/T = Symbol Rate = R/k

Bandwidth required of QAM


Can show that bandwidth W needed is
approximately 1/T for Optimal Receiver

1 R
R
W
T k log 2 M
Where M = number of symbols
(k = number of bits per symbol)

Bandwidth required of QAM


Bandwidth efficiency of QAM is thus:

R
log 2 M
W

Bandwidth required of QAM

Actual QAM bandwidth


Consider Power Spectra of QAM
s (t ) Re v(t )e j 2f ct
Band-pass signals can be expressed

Autocorrelation function is

ss ( ) Re vv ( )e

j 2f c

Fourier Transform yields Power spectrum in


Terms of the low pass signal v(t) Power spectrum

1
ss ( f ) vv ( f f c ) vv (( f f c ))
2

Actual QAM bandwidth


Power Spectra of QAM
For linear digital mod signals

v(t )

Sequence of symbols is

For QAM

g (t nT )

{I n }

I n Anc jAns

Actual QAM bandwidth


1
*
*
vv ( ) E[ I n I m ]g (t nT ) g (t mT )
2 n m

ii

Assume stationary symbols

(m) g (t nT ) g (t nT mT )
*

Time averaging this:

Where ii (m)

1
vv ( ) ii (m) gg ( mT )
T m
_

Fourier Transform:

1
2
vv ( f ) G ( f ) ii ( f )
T

1
E[ I n* I n m ]
2

Actual QAM bandwidth


1
2
vv ( f ) G ( f ) ii ( f )
T

G(f) is Fourier transform of g(t)

ii ( f ) is power spectrum of symbols

Actual QAM bandwidth


G(f) is Fourier transform of g(t)

Actual QAM bandwidth


G(f) is Fourier transform of g(t)

Actual QAM bandwidth


ii ( f ) power spectrum of symbols
Determined by what data you send
Very random data gives broad spectrum

Actual QAM bandwidth


1
ss ( f ) vv ( f f c ) vv (( f f c ))
2

1
2
vv ( f ) G ( f ) ii ( f )
T
White noise for random
Symbol stream and QAM?

Channel Bandwidth
3-dB bandwidth
Or your definition and
justification
g(t) =

Modulated64QAMspectrum

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