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    Redox Reactions

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    SoniaAlex
    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons. During redox reactions, the oxidizing agent accepts electrons from the reducing agent. Assigning oxidation numbers can help identify which species are being oxidized and reduced. Changes in oxidation numbers indicate that a redox reaction is occurring.

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    Redox Reactions

    Uploaded by

    SoniaAlex
    205 views29 pages
    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons. During redox reactions, the oxidizing agent accepts electrons from the reducing agent. Assigning oxidation numbers can help identify which species are being oxidized and reduced. Changes in oxidation numbers indicate that a redox reaction is occurring.

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    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons. During redox reactions, the oxidizing agent accepts electrons from the reducing agent. Assigning oxidation numbers can help identify which species are being oxidized and reduced. Changes in oxidation numbers indicate that a redox reaction is occurring.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    205 views29 pages

    Redox Reactions

    Uploaded by

    SoniaAlex
    Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons. During redox reactions, the oxidizing agent accepts electrons from the reducing agent. Assigning oxidation numbers can help identify which species are being oxidized and reduced. Changes in oxidation numbers indicate that a redox reaction is occurring.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Redox Reactions

    The chemical changes that occur when electrons are


    transferred between reactants are called oxidation
    reduction reactions

    Oxidation and Reduction


    Oxidation means:
    - originally meant combining with oxygen
    - iron rusting (iron + oxygen)
    Reduction means:
    - originally meant the loss of oxygen from
    a compound
    - removing iron from iron ore ( iron II
    oxide)
    2

    Oxidation and Reduction


    Oxidation means:
    - a complete loss of electrons
    Reduction means:
    - a complete gain of electrons
    Oxidation reactions are always accompanied by a reduction reaction

    Oxidising and Reducing


    Agents
    The substance that donates electrons
    in a redox reaction is the reducing
    agent.
    The substance that takes electrons in
    a redox reaction is the oxidising
    agent.
    4

    Oxidation is

    Reduction is

    the loss of electrons

    the gain of electrons

    an increase in oxidation state

    a decrease in oxidation state

    the addition of oxygen

    the loss of oxygen

    the loss of hydrogen

    the addition of hydrogen

    2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
    notice the Mg is losing electrons to
    form Mg2+ in MgO

    MgO + H2 Mg + H2O
    notice the Mg2+ in MgO is gaining
    electrons

    Assigning Oxidation Numbers (ON)


    Oxidation States
    Oxidation states are numbers assigned to atoms that reflect the
    net charge an atom would have if the electrons in the chemical
    bonds involving that atom were assigned to the more
    electronegative atoms.
    Oxidation states can be thought of as imaginary charges. They
    are assigned according to the following set of rules:

    Rule Number #1
    The ON of a simple ion is equal to its
    ionic charge
    +1
    +2
    Na + Cu 2+ N3-

    -3

    Rule Number #2
    The ON of hydrogen is always +1,
    except in metal hydrides like NaH where
    it is 1
    +1
    HCl NaH

    -1

    Rule Number #3
    The ON of oxygen is always 2 except in
    peroxides like X2O2 where it is 1

    H2O

    -2
    H2O2

    -1

    Rule Number #4
    The ON of an uncombined element is
    always zero
    0
    Na

    0
    Cu

    0
    N2

    10

    Rule Number #5
    For any neutral(zero charge) compound, the
    sum of the ONs is always zero
    +4-2
    CO2

    11

    Rule Number #6
    For a complex ion, the sum of the ONs
    equals the charge of the complex ion
    +7 -2
    MnO41-

    12

    Examples - assigning oxidation numbers


    Assign oxidation states to all elements:

    H2

    SO3

    SO42-

    K+

    NH3

    MnO4-

    Cr2O72-

    CH3OH

    PO43-

    ClO3-

    HSO3-

    Cu
    13

    Change in Oxidation Number


    an increase in oxidation number of an atom
    signifies oxidation

    +2 to +4
    a decrease in oxidation number of an atom
    signifies reduction

    0 to -1

    14

    Identifying Redox Reactions


    Oxidation and reduction always occur together
    in a chemical reaction. For this reason, these
    reactions are called redox reactions.
    Although there are different ways of
    identifying a redox reaction, the best is to look
    for a change in oxidation state:

    15

    +2 = Oxidation
    OA
    +2 -1

    SnCl2

    +4 -1

    +4 -1

    +2 -1

    PbCl4

    SnCl4

    + PbCl2

    RA
    -2 = Reduction
    -3 = Reduction
    RA
    +2 -2

    +1

    +5 -2

    +2

    CuS + H+

    + NO3-

    Cu+2

    +2 -2

    + NO

    +1 -2

    H2O

    OA
    +2 = Oxidation
    16

    17

    Examples - labeling redox reactions


    In

    each reaction, look for changes in oxidation state.

    If

    changes occur, identify the substance being reduced, and the


    substance being oxidized.

    Identify

    the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.


    = +1 (H is oxidized) (reducing agent)

    +2 -2

    +1 -2

    H2 + CuO Cu + H2O

    = -2 (Cu is reduced) (oxidizing agent)


    18

    Try These!!

    +1 = Fe 2+ is oxidized (reducing agent)

    5 Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8 H+ 5 Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O


    - 5 = Mn 7+ is reduced (oxidizing agent)

    +2 = Zn 0 is oxidized (reducing agent)

    Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
    - 1 = H 1+ is reduced (oxidizing agent)
    19

    How to write net ionic equations

    1) write a balanced equation


    Cu(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

    2Na(s) + CuCl2

    (aq)

    2) Ionize any aqueous substances


    Cu(s) + 2Na1+(aq) 2Cl1-(aq)

    2Na(s) + Cu2+

    (aq)

    2Cl 1-

    (aq)

    3) Remove any like substances (spectators)


    Cu(s) + 2Na1+(aq) 2Cl1-(aq)

    2Na(s) + Cu2+

    (aq)

    2Cl 1-

    (aq)

    4) Sum up whats left


    The Net
    is really
    CuIonic+Equation
    2Na1+(the reaction
    that
    2Na
    + occurring)
    Cu2+
    (s)

    (aq)

    (s)

    (aq)

    20

    Oxidation
    Reduction Table

    Strongest Oxidizing Agent

    Weakest Reducing Agent

    Ba 2+ (aq)

    Ba (s)

    Ca 2+ (aq)

    Ca (s)

    Mg 2+ (aq)

    Mg (s)

    Al 3+ (aq)

    Al (s)

    Zn 2+ (aq)

    Zn (s)

    Cr 3+ (aq)

    Cr (s)

    Fe 2+ (aq)

    Fe (s)

    Cd 2+ (aq)

    Cd (s)

    Tl + (aq)

    Tl (s)

    Co 2+ (aq)

    Co (s)

    Ni 2+ (aq)

    Ni (s)

    Sn 2+ (aq)

    Sn (s)

    Cu 2+ (aq)

    Cu (s)

    Hg 2+ (aq)

    Hg (s)

    Ag 2+ (aq)

    Ag (s)

    Pt 2+ (aq)

    Pt (s)

    Au 1+ (aq)

    Au (s)

    Weakest Oxidizing Agent

    Strongest Reducing Agent

    21

    Spontaneous Reaction
    Compare Reducing Agents
    Loses 2 e -

    Pt (s)

    Sn 2+ (aq)

    Pt 2+ (aq)

    Sn (s)

    Gains 2 e-

    Stronger
    Reducing
    Agent

    Stronger
    Oxidizing
    Agent

    Compare Oxidizing Agents

    22

    Non Spontaneous Reaction


    Loses 2 e

    Mg (s)

    Compare Reducing Agents

    Fe2+ (aq)

    Mg 2+ (aq)

    Fe (s)

    Gains 2 eCompare Oxidizing Agents


    Stronger
    Oxidizing
    Agent

    Stronger
    Reducing
    Agent
    23

    Balancing Redox Equations


    There are two methods used to balance
    redox reactions
    1)the oxidation number change
    method
    2)the half reaction method (not covered)

    24

    These methods are based on the fact that


    the total number of electrons gained in
    reduction must equal the total number of
    electrons lost in oxidation
    Redox reactions are often quite complicated and
    difficult to balance. For this reason, youll learn a
    step-by-step method for balancing these types of
    reactions, when they occur in acidic or in basic
    solutions.
    25

    Oxidation Number Change Method


    Balance the following: Fe2O3 + CO
    1)Assign ON to all atoms
    +3 -2 +2 -2
    Fe2O3 + CO

    Fe + CO2

    0 +4 -2
    Fe + CO2

    2)Identify which atoms are oxidized and which are reduced


    -3 (Fe reduced)
    +3 -2 +2 -2
    Fe2O3 + CO

    0 +4 -2
    Fe + CO2
    +2 (C oxidized)
    26

    3) Make the total increase in oxidation number equal the total


    decrease in oxidation number by using appropriate coefficients
    on the reactant side only.
    -3 (x 2 atoms) = 6 electrons gained
    +3 -2 +2 -2
    Fe2O3 + 3CO

    0 +4 -2
    Fe + CO2
    +2 (X 3 atoms) = 6 electrons lost

    4) Finally check to be sure that the equation is balanced both for


    atoms and charge.
    Fe2O3 + 3CO

    2 Fe + 3CO2
    27

    Redox Reactions - Whats Happening?

    Zinc is added to a blue


    solution of copper(II)
    sulfate
    Zn

    The blue colour


    disappearsthe zinc
    metal dissolves, and
    solid copper metal
    precipitates on the zinc
    strip

    The zinc is oxidized


    (loses electrons)

    The copper ions are


    reduced (gain
    electrons)

    (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

    Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)


    28

    Copper ions (Cu2+)


    collide with the zinc
    metal surface
    A zinc atom (Zn)
    gives up two of its
    electrons to the
    copper ion
    The result is a
    neutral atom of Cu
    deposited on the
    zinc strip, and a
    Zn2+ ion released
    into the solution

    29

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